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Introduction 1

About the Second Edition 1

Who Should Use This Book? 2

What This Book Will Do for You 2

Software Necessary to Use This Book 3

How This Book Is Organized 3

Part Ⅰ：The Big Picture 3

Part Ⅱ：Testing Fundamentals 4

Part Ⅲ：Applying Your Testing Skills 4

Part Ⅳ：Supplementing Your Testing 5

Part Ⅴ：Working with Test Documentation 5

Part Ⅵ：The Future 5

Appendix 6

Conventions Used in This Book 6

Part Ⅰ The Big Picture 9

1 Software Testing Background 9

Infamous Software Error Case Studies 9

Disney's Lion King,1994-1995 10

Intel Pentium Floating-Point Division Bug,1994 10

NASA Mars Polar Lander,1999 11

Patriot Missile Defense System,1991 12

The Y2K(Year 2000)Bug,circa 1974 12

Dangerous Viewing Ahead,2004 13

What Is a Bug? 13

Terms for Software Failures 13

Software Bug:A Formal Definition 14

Why Do Bugs Occur? 16

The Cost of Bugs 18

What Exactly Does a Software Tester Do? 19

What Makes a Good Software Tester? 20

Summary 21

Quiz 22

2 The Software Development Process 23

Product Components 23

What Effort Goes Into a Software Product? 24

What Parts Make UP a Software Product? 28

Software Proiect Staff 29

Software Development Lifecycle Models 30

Big-Bang Model 31

Code-and-Fix Model 32

Waterfall Model 33

Spiral Model 34

Summary 36

Quiz 36

3 The Realities of Software Testing 37

Testing Axioms 38

It's Impossible to Test a Program Completely 38

Software Testing Is a Risk-Based Exercise 39

Testing Can't Show That Bugs Don't Exist 40

The More Bugs You Find,the More Bugs There Are 41

The Pesticide Paradox 41

Not All the Bugs You Find Will Be Fixed 42

When a Bug's a Bug Is Difficult to Say 43

Product Specifications Are Never Final 44

Software Testers Aren't the Most Popular Members of a ProjectTeam 45

Software Testing Is a Disciplined Technical Profession 45

SoftwareTestingTerms andDefinitions 46

Precision and Accuracy 46

Verification and Validation 47

Quality and Reliability 48

Testing and Quality Assurance(QA) 48

Summary 49

Quiz 49

Part Ⅱ Testing Fundamentals 53

4 Examining the Specification 53

Getting Started 53

Black-Box and White-Box Testing 55

Static and Dynamic Testing 56

Static Black-Box Testing:Testing the Specification 56

Performing a High-Level Review of the Specification 57

Pretend to Be the Customer 57

Research Existing Standards and Guidelines 58

Review and Test Similar Software 59

Low-Level Specification Test Techniques 60

Specification Attributes Checklist 60

Specification Terminology Checklist 61

Summary 61

Quiz 62

5 Testing the Software with Blinders On 63

Dynamic Black-Box Testing:Testing the Software While Blindfolded 64

Test-to-Pass and Test-to-Fail 66

Equivalence Partitioning 67

Data Testing 70

Boundary Conditions 70

Sub-Boundary Conditions 75

Default,Empty,Blank,Null,Zero,and None 77

Invalid,Wrong,Incorrect,and Garbage Data 78

State Testing 79

Testing the Software's Logic Flow 80

Testing States to Fail 84

Other Black-Box Test Techniques 87

Behave Like a Dumb User 87

Look for Bugs Where You've Already Found Them 88

Think like a Hacker 88

Follow Experience,Intuition,and Hunches 88

Summary 89

Quiz 89

6 Examining the Code 91

Static White-Box Testing:Examining the Design and Code 91

Formal Reviews 92

Peer Reviews 94

Walkthroughs 95

Inspections 95

Coding Standards and Guidelines 96

Examples of Programming Standards and Guidelines 96

Obtaining Standards 98

Generic Code Review Checklist 99

Data Reference Errors 99

Data Declaration Errors 100

Computation Errors 101

Comparison Errors 101

Control Flow Errors 102

Subroutine Parameter Errors 102

Input/Output Errors 102

Other Checks 103

Summary 103

Quiz 104

7 Testing the Software with X-Ray Glasses 105

Dynamic White-Box Testing 106

Dynamic White-Box Testing Versus Debugging 107

Testing the Pieces 108

Unit and Integration Testing 109

An Example of Module Testing 111

Data Coverage 113

Data Flow 114

Sub-Boundaries 115

Formulas and Equations 115

Error Forcing 116

Code Coverage 117

Program Statement and Line Coverage 118

Branch Coverage 119

Condition Coverage 120

Summary 121

Quiz 122

Part Ⅲ Applying Your Testing Skills 125

8 Configuration Testing 125

An Overview of Configuration Testing 126

Isolating Configuration Bugs 129

Sizing Up the Job 131

Approaching the Task 132

Decide the Types of Hardware You'll Need 133

Decide What Hardware Brands,Models,and Device Drivers Are Available 133

Decide Which Hardware Features,Modes,and Options Are Possible 134

Pare Down the Identified Hardware Configurations to a Manageable Set 134

Identify Your Software's Unique Features That Work with the Hardware Configurations 135

Design the Test Cases to Run on Each Configuration 136

Execute the Tests on Each Configuration 137

Rerun the Tests Until the Results Satisfy Your Team 137

Obtaining the Hardware 137

Identifying Hardware Standards 139

Configuration Testing Other Hardware 139

Summary 140

Quiz 140

9 Compatibility Testing 141

Compatibility Testing Overview 142

Platform and Application Versions 143

Backward and Forward Compatibility 144

The hnpact ofTesting Multiple Versions 144

Standards and Guidelines 146

High-Level Standards and Guidelines 147

Low-Level Standards and Guidelines 148

Data Sharing Compatibility 148

Summary 150

Quiz 151

10 Foreign-Language Testing 153

Making the Words and Pictures Make Sense 154

Translation Issues 154

Text Expansion 155

ASCII,DBCS,and Unicode 155

Hot Keys and Shortcuts 156

Extended Characters 157

Computations on Characters 158

Reading Left to Right and Rightto Left 158

Text in Graphics 159

Keep the Text out of the Code 159

Localization Issues 160

Content 160

Data Formats 162

Configuration and Compatibility Issues 163

Foreign Platform Configurations 163

Data Compatibility 165

How Much Should You Test? 166

Summary 167

Quiz 168

11 Usability Testing 169

User Interface Testing 170

What Makes a Good UI? 170

Follows Standards and Guidelines 171

Intuitive 173

Consistent 173

Flexible 175

Comfortable 176

Correct 176

Useful 178

Testing for the Disabled:Accessibility Testing 178

Legal Requirements 179

Accessibility Features in Software 180

Summary 182

Quiz 182

12 Testing the Documentation 183

Types of Software Documentation 183

The Importance of Documentation Testing 187

What to Look for When Reviewing Documentation 188

The Realities of Documentation Testing 189

Summary 190

Quiz 190

13 Testing for Software Security 193

WarGames—the Movie 194

Understanding the Motivation 195

Threat Modeling 197

Is Software Security a Feature?Is Security Vulnerability a Bug? 200

Understanding the Buffer Overrun 201

Using Safe String Functions 203

Computer Forensics 205

Summary 208

Quiz 209

14 Website Testing 211

Web Page Fundamentals 212

Black-Box Testing 213

Text 215

Hyperlinks 216

Graphics 217

Forms 217

Objects and Other Simple Miscellaneous Functionality 218

Gray-Box Testing 218

White-Box Testing 220

Configuration and Compatibility Testing 222

Usability Testing 224

Introducing Automation 226

Summary 227

Quiz 227

Part Ⅳ Supplementing Your Testing 231

15 Automated Testing and Test Tools 231

The Benefits of Automation and Tools 231

Test Tools 233

Viewers and Monitors 234

Drivers 235

Stubs 236

Stress and Load Tools 237

Interference Injectors and Noise Generators 238

Analysis Tools 239

Software Test Automation 239

Macro Recording and Playback 240

Programmed Macros 242

Fully Programmable Automated Testing Tools 243

Random Testing:Monkeys and Gorillas 245

Dumb Monkeys 246

Semi-Smart Monkeys 248

Smart Monkeys 248

Realities of Using Test Tools and Automation 250

Summary 251

Quiz 252

16 Bug Bashes and Beta Testing 253

Having Other People Test Your Software 253

Test Sharing 255

Beta Testing 256

Outsourcing Your Testing 258

Summary 259

Quiz 259

Part Ⅴ Working with Test Documentation 263

17 Planning Your Test Effort 263

The Goal of Test Planning 264

Test Planning Topics 265

High-Level Expectations 265

People,Places,and Things 266

Definitions 267

Inter-Group Responsibilities 268

What Will and Won't Be Tested 270

Test Phases 270

Test Strategy 271

Resource Requirements 271

Tester Assignments 272

Test Schedule 272

Test Cases 274

Bug Reporting 274

Metrics and Statistics 274

Risks and Issues 275

Summary 275

Quiz 275

18 Writing and Tracking Test Cases 277

The Goals of Test Case Planning 277

Test Case Planning Overview 279

Test Design 281

TestCases 283

Test Procedures 285

Test Case Organization and Tracking 287

Summary 289

Quiz 290

19 Reporting What You Find 291

Getting Your Bugs Fixed 292

Isolating and Reproducing Bugs 296

Not All Bugs Are Created Equal 298

A Bug's Life Cycle 300

Bug-Tracking Systems 303

The Standard:The Test Incident Report 303

Manual Bug Reporting and Tracking 304

Automated Bug Reporting and Tracking 306

Summary 310

Quiz 311

20 Measuring Your Success 313

Using the Information in the Bug Tracking Database 314

Metrics That You'll Use in Your Daily Testing 315

Common Project-Level Metrics 320

Summary 325

Quiz 326

Part Ⅵ The Future 329

21 Software Quality Assurance 329

Quality Is Free 330

Testing and Quality Assurance in the Workplace 331

Software Testing 331

Quality Assurance 333

Other Names for Software Testing Groups 334

Test Management and Organizational Structures 335

Capability Maturity Model(CMM) 337

ISO 9000 339

Summary 342

Quiz 342

22 Your Career as a Software Tester 343

Your Job as a Software Tester 344

Finding a Software Testing Position 345

Gaining Hands-On Experience 346

Formal Training Opportunities 348

Websites 349

Professional Organizations Dedicated to Software or Software Quality 350

Further Reading 350

Summary 352

Quiz 353

Appendix 355

A Answers to Quiz Questions 355

Chapter 1 355

Chapter 2 356

Chapter 3 357

Chapter 4 358

Chapter 5 359

Chapter 6 361

Chapter 7 362

Chapter 8 364

Chapter 9 365

Chapter 10 366

Chapter 11 367

Chapter 12 368

Chapter 13 368

Chapter 14 369

Chapter 15 370

Chapter 16 371

Chapter 17 372

Chapter 18 373

Chapter 19 373

Chapter 20 375

Chapter 21 375

Chapter 22 376

Index 377