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Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Learning Objectives 1

1.1 Historical Perspective 1

1.2 What is Materials Science and Engineering? 2

1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 5

1.4 Classification of Materials 5

1.5 Advanced Materials 9

1.6 Modern Materials'Needs 10

References 11

Chapter 2 The Structure of Crystalline Solids 13

Learning Objectives 13

2.1 Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 13

2.1.1 Fundamental Concepts 14

2.1.2 Bonding Forces and Energies 14

2.1.3 Atomic Bonding in Solids 16

2.2 Crystal Structures 22

2.2.1 Fundamental Concepts 22

2.2.2 Metallic Crystal Structures and Crystal Systems 23

2.2.3 Crystallographic Points,Directions,and Planes 30

2.2.4 Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials 37

2.3 Imperfections in Solids 40

2.3.1 Point Defects in Metals 40

2.3.2 Dislocations-Linear Defects 43

2.3.3 Interfacial Defects 44

2.3.4 Bulk or Volume Defects 46

References 48

Chapter 3 Polymer Materials 49

Learning Objectives 49

3.1 Polymer Structures 49

3.1.1 Introduction 49

3.1.2 Fundamental Concepts 49

3.1.3 Polymer Molecules 50

3.1.4 Designation of Polymers 50

3.1.5 Commonly Used Polymers 51

3.1.6 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 58

3.2 Crystallization,Melting and Glass Transition Phenomena in Polymers 65

3.3 Mechanical Properties of Polymers 66

3.3.1 Stress-Strain Behavior 67

3.3.2 Macroscopic Deformation 68

3.3.3 Viscoelastic Deformation 70

3.4 Polymer Types 71

3.4.1 Plastics 71

3.4.2 Elastomers 72

3.4.3 Fibers 73

3.4.4 Miscellaneous Applications Coatings 73

3.5 Processing of Polymers 74

3.5.1 Polymerization 75

3.5.2 Polymer Additives 76

3.5.3 Forming Techniques for Plastics 78

3.5.4 Fabrication of Elastomers 80

3.5.5 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 81

References 84

Chapter 4 Metallic Materials 85

Learning Objectives 85

4.1 Mechanical Properties of Metals 85

4.1.1 Introduction 85

4.1.2 Tensile Test 86

4.1.3 Hardness Testing 90

4.2 Dislocations and Strengthening 91

4.2.1 The Role of Dislocations 91

4.2.2 Work Hardening 93

4.2.3 Grain Size Strengthening 93

4.2.4 Alloy Hardening 94

4.3 Failure 96

4.3.1 Introduction 96

4.3.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 97

4.3.3 Ductile Fracture 97

4.3.4 Brittle Fracture 98

4.3.5 Fracture Mechanics in Design 99

4.3.6 Fracture Toughness 100

4.3.7 Fatigue 101

4.3.8 Creep 101

4.4 Phase Diagrams and Phase Transformations in Metals 102

4.4.1 Introduction 102

4.4.2 Phase Diagrams 103

4.4.3 Phase Transformations 107

4.5 Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys 108

4.5.1 Introduction 108

4.5.2 Types of Metal Alloys 109

4.5.3 Fabrication of Metals 113

4.5.4 Thermal Processing of Metals 115

References 120

Chapter 5 Ceramic Materials 123

Learning Objectives 123

5.1 Structures and Properties of Ceramics 123

5.1.1 Introduction 123

5.1.2 Ceramic Structures 123

5.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Ceramics 127

5.2 Application and Processing of Ceramics 129

5.2.1 Types and Applications of Ceramics 129

5.2.2 Fabrication and Processing of Ceramics 131

References 136

Chapter 6 Composite Materials 137

Learning Objectives 137

6.1 Introduction 137

6.2 Particle-Reinforced Composites 138

6.2.1 Large-Particle Composites 139

6.2.2 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 140

6.3 Fiber-Reinforced Composites 140

6.3.1 The Fiber Phase 140

6.3.2 The Matrix Phase 141

6.4 Polymer-Matrix Composites 142

6.4.1 Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer(GFRP)Composites 142

6.4.2 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer(CFRP)Composites 143

6.4.3 Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 143

6.5 Metal-Matrix Composites 145

6.6 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 146

References 149

Chapter 7 Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 150

Learning Objectives 150

7.1 Introduction 150

7.2 Corrosion of Metals 150

7.2.1 Electrochemical Considerations 151

7.2.2 Corrosion Rates 153

7.2.3 Passivity 153

7.2.4 Environmental Effects 153

7.2.5 Forms of Corrosion 154

7.2.6 Corrosion Environments 158

7.2.7 Corrosion Prevention 159

7.3 Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 159

7.4 Degradation of Polymers 160

7.4.1 Swelling and Dissolution 160

7.4.2 Bond Rupture 160

7.4.3 Weathering 161

References 163

Chapter 8 Electrical/Thermal/Magnetic/Optical Properties of Materials 164

Learning Objectives 164

8.1 Introduction 165

8.2 Electrical Properties of Materials 165

8.2.1 Metals and Alloys 166

8.2.2 Semiconductors 167

8.2.3 Ionic Ceramics and Polymers 170

8.3 Thermal Properties of Materials 170

8.3.1 Heat Capacity 170

8.3.2 Thermal Expansion 171

8.3.3 Thermal Conductivity 172

8.3.4 Thermal Stresses 172

8.4 Magnetic Properties of Materials 174

8.4.1 Diamagnetism,Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism 174

8.4.2 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 177

8.4.3 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 179

8.4.4 Domains,Hysteresis and Magnetic Anisotropy 179

8.4.5 Superconductivity 181

8.5 Optical Properties of Materials 186

8.5.1 Interaction of Light with Matter 186

8.5.2 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 187

8.5.3 Refraction,Reflection,Absorption and Transmission 190

8.5.4 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 192

8.5.5 Applications of Optical Phenomena 192

References 197

Chapter 9 Biomaterials/Nanomaterials/Smart Materials 198

Learning Objectives 198

9.1 Biomaterials 198

9.1.1 Definition of Biomaterials 199

9.1.2 Performance of Biomaterials 202

9.1.3 Brief Historical Background 203

9.2 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 205

9.2.1 Introduction 205

9.2.2 Examples of Current Achievements and Paradigm Shifts 209

9.3 Smart Materials 214

9.3.1 Introduction 214

9.3.2 Shape Memory Alloys 215

9.3.3 Applications of Smart Materials 219

Reference 220