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论美国民主 英文 11pdf电子书版本下载
- （法）托克维尔著 著
- 出版社： 北京：中国社会科学出版社
- ISBN：7500426518
- 出版时间：1999
- 标注页数：446页
- 文件大小：54MB
- 文件页数：453页
- 主题词：
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图书目录
AUTHOR'S INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter Ⅰ EXTERIOR FORM OF NORTH AMERICA 17
Chapter Ⅱ ORIGIN OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS,AND IMPORTANCE OF THIS ORIGIN IN RELATION TO THEIR FUTURE CONDITION 26
Reasons for certain anomalies which the laws and cus-toms of the Anglo-Americans present 44
Chapter Ⅲ SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS 46
The striking characteristic of the social condition of the Anglo-Americans is its essential democracy 46
Political consequences of the social condition of the Anglo-Americans 53
Chapter Ⅳ THE PRINCIPLE OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE OF AMERICA 55
Chapter Ⅴ NECESSITY OF EXAMINING THE CONDITION OF THE STATES BE-FORE THAT OF THE UNION AT LARGE 59
The American system of townships 60
Limits of the township 61
Powers of the township in New England 62
Life in the township 64
Spirit of the townships of New England 66
The counties of New England 68
The administration of government in New England 69
General remarks on administration in the United States 79
OF THE STATE 83
Legislative power of the state 83
The executive power of the state 84
Political effects of decentralized administration in the United States 85
Chapter Ⅵ JUDICIAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES,AND ITS INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL SOCIETY 98
Others powers granted to American Judges 103
Chapter Ⅶ POLITICAL JURISDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 106
Chapter Ⅷ THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 112
History of the Federal Constitution 112
Summary of the Federal Constitution 114
Powers of the Federal government 115
Legislative powers of the Federal government 117
A further difference between the Senate and the House of Representatives 120
The executive power 121
In what the position of a President of the United States differs from that of a constitutional King of France 122
Accidental causes which may increase the influence of executive government 126
Why the President of the United States does not need a majority in the two houses in order to carry on the government 127
Election of the President 127
Mode of election 132
Crisis of the election 135
Re-election of the President 136
Federal courts of justice 139
Means of determining the jurisdiction of the Federal courts 142
Different cases of jurisdiction 144
Procedure of the Federal courts 148
High rank of the Supreme Court among the great powers of state 150
In what respects the Federal Constitution is superior to that of the States 152
Characteristics of the Federal Constitution of the United States of America as compared with all other Federal constitutions 156
Advantages of the Federal system in general,and its spe-cial utility in America 159
Why the Federal system is not practicable for all nations,and how the Anglo-Americans were enabled to adopt it 165
Chapter Ⅸ HOW IT CAN BE STRICTLY SAID THAT THE PEOPLE GOVERN IN THE UNITED STATES 173
Chapter Ⅹ PARTIES THE UNITED STATES 174
Remains of the aristocratic party in the United States 179
Chapter Ⅺ LIBERTY OF THE PRESS IN THE UNITED STATES 181
Chapter Ⅻ POLITICAL ASSOCLATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES 191
Chapter ⅩⅢ GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA 199
Universal suffrage 199
The choice of the people,and the instinctive preferences of the American democracy 200
Causes which may partly correct these tendencies of the democracy 202
Influence which the American democracy has exercised on the laws relating to elections 205
Public officers under the control of the American democ-racy 206
Arbitrary power of magistrates under the rule of the American democracy 209
Instability of the administration in the United States 211
Charges levied by the state under the rule of the Ameri-can democracy 212
Tendencies of the American democracy as regards the salaries of public officers 216
Difficulty of distinguishing the causes that incline the American government to economy 219
Whether the expenditure of the United States can be compared with that of France 219
Corruption and the vices of the rulers in a democracy,and consequent effects upon public morality 225
Efforts of which a democracy is capable 227
Self-control of the American democracy 230
Conduct of foreign affairs by the American democracy 232
Chapter ⅩⅣ WHAT ARE THE REAL ADVANTAGES WHICH AMERICAN SOCIETY DERIVES FROM A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT 237
General tendency of the laws under American democ-racy,and instincts of those who apply them 237
Public spirit in the United States 241
The idea of rights in the United States 244
Respect for law in the United States 247
Activity that pervades all parts of the body politic in the United States；influence that it exercises upon society 248
Chapter ⅩⅤ UNLIMITED POWER OF THE MAJORITY IN THE UNITED STATES,AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 254
How the omnipotence of the majority increases,in Amer-ica,the instability of legislation and administration inherent in democracy 257
Tyranny of the majority 258
Effects of the omnipotence of the majority upon the arbi-trary authority of American public officers 262
Power exercised by the majority in America upon opinion 263
Effects of the tyranny of the majority upon the national character of the Americans.-The courtier spirit in the United States 265
The greatest dangers of the American republics proceed from the omnipotence of the majority 268
Chapter ⅩⅥ CAUSES WHICH MITIGATE THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY IN THE UNITED STATES 271
Absence of centralized administration 271
The temper of the legal profession in the United States,and how it serves as a counterpoise to democracy 272
Trial by jury in the United States considered as a political institution 280
Chapter ⅩⅦ PRINCIPAL CAUSES WHICH TEND TO MAINTAIN THE DEMO-CRATIC REPUBLIC IN THE UNITED STATES 288
Accidental or providential causes which contribute to maintain the democratic republic in the United States 288
Influence of the laws upon the maintenance of the demo-cratic republic in the United States 299
Influence of customs upon the maintenance of a demo-cratic republic in the United States 299
Religion considered as a political institution which pow-erfully contributes to the maintenance of a demo-cratic republic among the Americans 300
Indirect influence of religious opinions upon political so-ciety in the United States 303
Principal causes Which render religion powerful in Amer-ica 308
How the education,the habits,and the practical expe-rience of the Americans promote the success of their democratic institutions 314
The laws contribute more to the maintenance of the dem-ocratic republic in the United States than the physical circumstances of the country,and the customs more than the laws 319
Whether laws and customs are sufficient to maintain democratic institutions in other countries besides America 323
Importance of what precedes with respect to the state of Europe 326
Chapter ⅩⅧ THE PRESENT AND PROBABLE FUTURE CONDITION OF THE THREE RACES THAT INHABIT THE TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES 331
The present and probable future condition of the Indian tribes that inhabit the territory possessed by the Union 336
Situation of the black population in the United States,and dangers with which its presence threatens the whites 356
What are the chances of duration of the American Union,and what dangers threaten it 381
Of the republican institutions of the United States,and what their chances of duration are 415
Some considerations on the causes of the commercial prosperity of the United States 421
CONCLUSION 429
INDEX 434