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中文部分 3

第一章　药理学实验的基本知识和技术 3

一、药理学实验课的目的和要求 3

二、实验动物的捉持和给药方法 3

实验1.1 小鼠的捉持和给药方法 3

实验1.2 大鼠的捉持和给药方法 5

实验1.3 家兔的捉持和给药方法 6

【附】豚鼠的捉持和给药方法 7

实验1.4 狗的捉持和给药方法 8

三、常用实验动物的麻醉 8

四、实验动物的取血方法 11

第二章　药理学总论的实验 18

一、药物对机体（病原体）的作用 18

实验2.1 药物的局部作用和全身作用 18

实验2.2 药物的间接作用 19

二、机体对药物的作用 20

实验2.3 溴磺酞钠的药代动力学参数估算 20

实验2.4 药物血浆蛋白结合率测定 21

三、影响药物作用的因素 22

实验2.5 影响药物作用的因素 23

一、剂型对药物作用的影响 23

二、给药途径对药物作用的影响 23

三、肝脏功能状态对药物作用的影响 24

第三章　中枢神经系统药物实验 26

一、全身麻醉药实验 27

实验3.1 挥发性液体麻醉药活性测定 27

二、镇静催眠实验 28

实验3.2 巴比妥类药物作用的比较 28

实验3.3 镇静催眠药的协同作用和对抗中枢兴奋药的作用 29

实验3.4 药物对动物自发活动的影响 30

三、抗癫痫药和抗惊厥药实验 31

实验3.5 药物的抗电惊厥作用 31

实验3.6 药物对抗中枢兴奋药惊厥的作用 32

四、抗精神失常药实验 33

实验3.7 氯丙嗪的安定作用 33

实验3.8 氯丙嗪对小鼠基础代谢的影响 34

实验3.9A 药物的镇痛作用（热板法） 35

实验3.9B 药物的镇痛作用（化学刺激法） 37

五、中枢兴奋药实验 37

实验3.10 士的宁和印防己毒素惊厥类型及作用部位的比较 37

实验3.11 尼可刹米对抗吗啡的呼吸抑制作用 39

实验3.12 尼莫地平对小鼠获得记忆的促进作用 40

第四章　传出神经系统药物实验 42

实验4.1 传出神经药物对麻醉犬血压、肠蠕动和腺体分泌的影响 42

实验4.2 药物对离体兔主动脉条的作用 45

实验4.3 药物对离体肠管的作用 45

实验4.4 药物对在体豚鼠下腹神经输精管的作用 46

实验4.5　有机磷药物中毒及解救 48

实验4.6 普鲁卡因和丁卡因表面麻醉作用的比较 49

第五章　内脏系统药物实验 51

一、治疗心功能不全药物实验 51

实验5.1 强心苷对离体心脏的作用（八木氏蛙心灌流法） 52

实验5.2 药物对离体乳头肌收缩舒张性能的影响 54

实验5.3 药物对大鼠左心功能与血流动力学的影响 56

实验5.4 心阻抗法测定药物对心脏泵血功能的影响 59

二、抗心律失常药实验 62

实验5.5 奎尼丁拮抗乌头碱诱发大鼠心律失常的作用 62

实验5.6 药物对家兔电致室颤阈的影响 63

实验5.7 利多卡因对氯化钡诱发心律失常的治疗作用 65

实验5.8 利多卡因对哇巴因引起心律失常的对抗作用 66

实验5.9 药物抑制大鼠缺血-再灌注心律失常的作用 67

实验5.10 药物对离体心房肌有效不应期和收缩力的影响 68

三、抗心肌缺血药实验 70

实验5.11 结扎兔冠状动脉引起的心肌梗死 71

实验5.12 药物对离体豚鼠心脏心肌收缩力和冠状流量的影响 72

实验5.13 硝基四氮唑蓝染色法测量心肌梗死范围 74

实验5.14 丹参注射液对垂体后叶素致兔心肌缺血的作用 75

实验5.15　血脂测定法 76

四、抗高血压药物实验 79

实验5.16 六烃季铵降压作用机理的分析 80

实验5.17 离体兔耳血管灌流 81

实验5.18 大鼠肾动脉狭窄性高血压模型制备 83

五、利尿药和脱水药实验 84

实验5.19 呋塞米和高渗葡萄糖对家兔的利尿作用 85

实验5.20　氢氯噻嗪对大鼠的利尿作用 87

实验5.21 尿液中钠、钾和氯离子的含量测定 89

六、镇咳药、祛痰药和平喘药实验 91

实验5.22 可待因对小鼠氨水引咳的镇咳作用 92

实验5.23 可待因对电刺激猫喉上神经引咳的镇咳作用 94

实验5.24 远志煎剂对小鼠气管酚红排泌量的影响 96

实验5.25 氨茶碱对豚鼠组胺-乙酰胆碱引喘的平喘作用 97

实验5.26 药物对豚鼠离体气管的作用 98

七、消化系统药物实验 100

实验5.27 药物对胃肠道蠕动的影响 101

实验5.28 药物对实验性胃溃疡的防治作用 102

实验5.29 去氢胆酸对大鼠的利胆作用 103

八、促凝血药和抗凝血药实验 104

实验5.30 药物的体外抗凝血作用 105

实验5.31 药物的促凝血作用 106

九、抗血小板药 107

实验5.32 血小板黏附性测定法 108

实验5.33 血小板凝集性测定法 109

实验5.34 动静脉旁路血栓形成实验 111

实验5.35 血小板生成血栓烷TXA2的生物检定 112

实验5.36　苯海拉明对组胺的竞争性拮抗作用及pA2值 114

第六章　抗炎药物实验 118

实验6.1 氢化可的松对小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性的影响 118

实验6.2 吲哚美辛对小鼠巴豆油耳肿胀的影响 119

实验6.3 吲哚美辛对角叉菜胶诱发大鼠足跖肿胀的影响 120

实验6.4　地塞米松对大鼠肉芽肿的影响 121

实验6.5 药物对实验性胸膜炎的影响 122

实验6.6 药物对免疫性炎症的影响 122

实验6.7 切除大鼠双侧肾上腺的抗炎实验 123

实验6.8 溶酶体酶活性的测定 124

实验6.9　TXB2的放射免疫测定 125

实验6.10 白细胞糖皮质激素受体的测定 126

第七章　化学治疗药物实验 128

一、抗菌药实验 128

实验7.1 诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星及环丙沙星的体外抗菌 131

实验7.2 诺氟沙星对小鼠体内感染的保护性实验 133

二、抗肿瘤药物实验 134

实验7.3 抗肿瘤药的美蓝试管法初筛 135

实验7.4　5-FU对小鼠肉瘤S180的实验治疗 136

实验7.5 小鼠（裸鼠）肾被膜下人癌细胞移植法 138

第八章　避孕药实验 140

实验8.1 炔诺酮的抗排卵作用（交配法） 141

第九章　抗衰老药物实验 143

一、遗传学方面 143

实验9.1 果蝇寿命试验 143

二、自由基学说方面 144

实验9.2 过氧化脂质的测定 144

实验9.3 超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）测定方法 145

三、对免疫功能的影响 147

实验9.4 免疫器官重量法 147

实验9.5 单核吞噬细胞功能测定法 147

四、对应激能力的影响 148

实验9.6 小鼠耐缺氧实验 149

实验9.7 小鼠耐寒实验 149

实验9.8 小鼠游泳实验 150

五、对中区神经系统方面的作用 150

实验9.9 单胺氧化酶-B活性测定 151

第十章　细胞培养技术在药理学研究中的应用 152

实验10.1 神经细胞的培养 152

实验10.2 大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞的培养 153

实验10.3 原代细胞的传代培养方法 154

实验10.4 细胞的冻存 155

实验10.5　PC12细胞的复苏和培养 156

实验10.6 粉防己碱对培养大鼠脑皮层神经元损伤的保护作用 157

实验10.7 环孢素A对大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞内罗丹明123摄取的影响 158

实验10.8 硝苯地平对高钾引起的PC12细胞内钙升高的影响 159

实验10.9 原代乳鼠心肌细胞培养方法 160

实验10.10 牛胸主动脉内皮细胞的原代培养 162

第十一章　药物的安全性评价 163

一、药物的毒性试验 163

实验11.1 普鲁卡因急性LD50测定 163

实验11.2 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌致突变试验 177

实验11.3 小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验 182

二、制剂的安全限度试验 185

实验11.4 热原试验 186

实验11.5 刺激性试验 188

实验11.7 降压物质试验 189

实验11.8 溶血性试验 191

英文部分 195

Chapter 1 Basic knowledge and techniques in pharmacological experiments 195

Ⅰ．Aim and objective of pharmacological experiments 195

Ⅱ．How to handle and administer drugs to Animals 196

Experment 1.1 How to handle and administer drugs to mice 196

Experment 1.2 How to handle and administer drugs to rats 198

Experiment 1.3 How to handle and administer drugs to rabbits 199

Experiment 1.4 How to handle and administer drugs to dogs 201

Ⅲ．Anesthesia of animals widely used in experiment 202

Ⅳ．How to collect blood from experimental animals 205

Chapter 2 Experiments related to Introduction of Pharmacology 211

Ⅰ．The Effect of Drugs on the Body 211

Experiment 2.1 The local and systemic action of drugs 211

Experiment 2.2 Indirect Effect of Drugs 213

Ⅱ．The Effect of the Body on Drug 214

Experiment 2.3 Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of BSP 214

Experiment 2.4 Measurement of plasma-protein binding rate 216

Ⅲ．Factors that influence drug action 218

Experiment 2.5 Factors affecting drug action 218

Chapter 3 Experiments of Drugs Affecting the Central Nervous System 221

Ⅰ．Experiment of general anethetics 222

Experiment 3.1 Activity determination of volatile fluid anesthetics 222

Ⅱ Experiment of sedatives and hypnotics 224

Experiment 3.2 Comparison of the actions of barbiturates 224

Experiment 3.2 Synergism of sedatives and hypnotics and their antagonistic actions to central stimulants 225

Experiment 3.4 Effect of drugs on spontaneous activity of animals 227

Ⅲ Experiment of antiepileptics and anticonvulsants 228

Experiment 3.5 Effects of drugs on electric shock 228

Experiment 3.6 The effect of drug on convulsion produced by central stimulants 230

Ⅳ．Experiment of antipsychotics 231

Experiment 3.7 Tranquilizing effect of chlorpromazine 231

Experiment 3.8 Effects of ehlorpromazine on the tolerance of hypoxia in mice 233

Ⅴ．Experiments of analogesics 234

Experiment 3.9(A) Analgesic action of drugs(The hot plate method) 234

Experiment 3.9(B) Analgesic action of drugs(The chemical irritation method) 236

Ⅵ．Experiments of central stimulants 238

Experiment 3.10 Comparison of convulsive type and site of action of strychnine and picrotoxin 238

Experiment 3.11 The antagonistic effect of nikethamide on the depression of respiration by morphine 240

Experiment 3.12 The promotive effect of nimodipine on acquired memory of mouse 241

Chapter 4 Experiments of Drugs Affecting the Peripheral Efferent Nervous System 244

Experiment 4.1 Effects of drugs affecting the peripheral efferent nervous system on blood pressure,intestinal movement and gland secretion in anesthetized dog 245

Experiment 4.2 Effects of drugs on the isolated aorta strip of rabbit 248

Experiment 4.3 Effects of drugs on isolated intestine 249

Experiment 4.4 Effects of drugs on in-vivo spermaduct controlled by hypogastric nerve in guinea pig 251

Experiment 4.5 Acute intoxication by organophosphate compounds and its treatment 253

Experiment 4.6 Comparison of surface anesthetic action of procaine and tetracaine 255

Chapter 5 Experiments of drugs affecting the splanchnic system 258

Ⅰ．Experiments of drugs used for cardiac insufficiency 259

Experiment 5.1 Effect of cardiac glycosides on the isolated heart of frog 260

Experiment 5.2 Effects of drugs on the contraction and relaxation of isolated papillary muscles 262

Experiment 5.3 Effects of drugs on left heart function and hemodynamics of rat 265

Experiment 5.4 Determinations of the effects of drugs on cardiac blood-pumping function by cardioimpedance method 267

Ⅱ．Experiments of Antiarrhythmic Drugs 271

Experiment 5.5 The antagonistic effects of quinidine on aconitine-induced arrhythmia in rat 272

Experiment 5.6 The effect of drug on the threshold of ventricular fibrillation induced by electric stimulation in rabbit 273

Experiment 5.7 The therapeutic effect of lidocaine on arrhythmia induced by barium chloride in rat 276

Experiment 5.8 The antagonistic effect of lidocaine on arrhythmia induced by ouabain 277

Experiment 5.9 The inhibitory effects of drugs on arrhythmia caused by ischemia-reperfusion in rat 279

Experiment 5.10 The effect of drug on effective refractory period and contractility of in vitro atrial muscle 282

Ⅲ．Experiments of Anti-myocardial ischemic Drugs 284

Experiment 5.11 Myocardial infarction caused by ligaturing coronary artery of rabbit 285

Experiment 5.12 The effects of drugs on myocardial contractility and coronary blood flow of in vitro heart of guinea pig 288

Experiment 5.13 Measurement of area of myocardial infarction by nitro-blue tetrazolium staining 290

Experiment 5.14 The effects of Dan-Shen parenteral solution on myocardial ischemia of rabbit induced by pituitrin 292

Experiment 5.15 Measurement of blood fat 294

Ⅳ．Experiments of antihypertensives 298

Experiment 5.16 Analysis of the mechanism of hypotensive action of hexamethonium 300

Experiment 5.17 Vascular perfusion of isolated ear of rabbit 302

Experiment 5.18 The establishment of hypertension models caused by stenosis of renal artery in rats 304

Ⅴ．Diuretics and Dehydrating agents 306

Experiment 5.19 The diuretic effect of furosemide and hypertonic glucose on anesthetized rabbit 307

Experiment 5.20 The diuretic action of hydrochlorothiazide on rat 310

Experiment 5.21 Assay of sodium,potassium and chlorine ion in urine 313

Ⅵ．Experiments of antitussive,expectorant and antiasthmatic agents 315

Experiment 5.22 The antitussive effect of codeine on mice coughing induced by ammonia water 317

Experiment 5.23 The antitussive effect of codeine on coughing induced by electric stimulation on superior laryngeal nerve of cat 320

Experiment 5.24 The effect of Siberian milkwort root decoction on phenolsulfonphthalein secretion of mice's bronchus 322

Experiment 5.25 The Antiasthmatic effect of Aminophylline on asthma stimulated by histamine-acetycholine 324

Experiment 5.26 Effect of drugs on isolated guinea pig trachea 326

Ⅶ Experiments of Drugs affecting Digestive System 328

Experiment 5.27 The effect of drugs on gastrointestinal movement 329

Experiment 5.28 Prevention and treatment function of drug on experimental gastric ulcer 330

Experiment 5.29 The cholagogic function of dehydrocholic acid on rat 332

Ⅷ The experiments of coagulants and anticoagulants 333

Experiment 5.30 Anticoagulant action of drugs in vitro 335

Experiment 5.31 Action of drug on promoting coagulation 337

Ⅸ Platelet inhibitors 338

Experiment 5.32 Determining method of platelet adhesiveness 339

Experiment 5.33 Determining method of platelet aggregation 341

Experiment 5.34 Thrombus formation with arteriovenous shunt in rat 344

Experiment 5.35 Bioassay of platelet formatting thromboxan A2 345

Experiment 5.36 The competitive antagonistic effect of diphenhydra mine on histamine and the measurement of pA2 347

Chapter 6 Experiments of anti-inflammatory drugs 351

Experiment 6.1 Effect on Intraabdominal capillary permeability of mouse by injection of hydrocortisone 351

Experiment 6.2 Effect of indomethacin on auricular tumescence induced by croton oil in mice 353

Experiment 6.3 Effect of indomethacin on tumescence produced in the hind paw of the rat by injecting carragheenin 354

Experiment 6.4 Effect of dexamethasone on the rat's granuloma 356

Experiment 6.5 Effect of drugs on the experimental pleuritis 357

Experiment 6.6 Effect of drugs on immune inflammation 358

Experiment 6.7 Anti-inflammatory experiment related to excision of the rat's bilateral adrenal gland 359

Experiment 6.8 Determination of the enzyme activity of lysosome 360

Experiment 6.9 Radioimmunoassay of TXB2 361

Experiment 6.10 Determination of the Leukocyte-Glucocorticoid receptor 363

Chapter 7 Experiments of chemotherapeutic drugs 365

Ⅰ．Antibacterial experiment 365

Experiment 7.1 Assay the antibacterial activity in vitro of norfloxacin,ofloxacin,and cinrofloxacin 369

Experiment 7.2 The protective test of norfloxacin on in vivo infection of mice 372

Ⅱ．Experiments of antitumor drugs 373

Experiment 7.3 Methylene blue tube method of screening anti-tumor drug primarily 374

Experiment 7.4 Therapeutic effect of 5-FU on mice sarcoma S180 376

Experiment 7.5 Human cancer's grafting under kidney capsule of mice(nude mouse) 378

Chapter 8 Experiments of contraceptives 380

Experiment 8.1 Anti-ovulation effect of norethisterone(copulation method) 382

Chapter 9 Experiments of anti-aging drugs 384

Ⅰ．Genetic theory 384

Experiment 9.1 Longevity test of drosophila 384

Ⅱ．Free radical theory 386

Experiment 9.2 The determination of lipid peroxide 386

Experiment 9.3 The assay to determine superoxide dismutase(SOD) 387

Ⅲ．Effects of drugs on immunological function 389

Experiment 9.4 The Assay To Weigh The Immune Organs 389

Experiment 9.5 The Assay To Determine Function Of The Mononuclear Phagocytes 390

Ⅳ．Drug's effect on stress 392

Experiment 9.6 Hypoxia tolerance test of mice 392

Experiment 9.7 The Cold-resistant Test of Mice 393

Experiment 9.8 The Swimming Test of Mice 394

Ⅴ．The effects on the central nervous system 395

Experiment 9.9 The Test Of The Activity Of The Monoamine oxidase-B 395

Chapter 10 Application of cell culture technology in pharmacological research 397

Experiment 10.1 Nerve cell culture 398

Experiment 10.2 Culture of endothelial cells of cerebral microvessels of rat 399

Experiment 10.3 Subculture of primary cultured cells 400

Experiment 10.4 Method of frozen storage of cells 401

Experiment 10.5 Revivification and culture of PC 12 cell strain 403

Experiment 10.6 Protective effect of Tetrandrine on neuronal injury of cultured cortical neurons of rat brain 404

Experiment 10.7 Effect of cyclosporin A on uptaking Rhodamine 123 in cultured endothelial cells of cerebral micravessel of rats 405

Experiment 10.8 Effect of nifedipine on elevation of PC12 intracellular calcium induced by hyperkalemia 407

Experiment 10.9 Culture of bovine aortic endothelial cell 409

Experiment 10.10 Primary Cultures of Cardiac myocytes in Neonatal Rat 410

Experiment 10.11 Culture of bovine aortic endothelial cell 412

Chapter 11 Evaluation of drug safety 414

Ⅰ．Drug toxicity test 414

Experiment 11.1 LD50 determination of Procaine 414

Experiment 11.2 Mutagenicity Assay of Rat Salmonella Typhimurium 430

Experiment 11.3 Bone marrow's polychromatic erythrocytes micronucleus test of mice 438

Ⅱ．Safety limit of preparation experiment 443

Experiment 11.4 Pyrogen Experiment 443

Experiment 11.5 Irritation Test 446

Experiment 11.6 Hypersensitivity test 448

Experiment 11.7 Hypotensive substance test 450

Experiment 11.8 Haemolyticus test 452