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中文部分 1

第一章 药理学实验的基本知识和技术 1

一、药理学实验课的目的和要求 1

二、实验动物的捉持和给药方法 2

实验1.1 小鼠的捉持和给药方法 2

实验1.2 大鼠的捉持和给药方法 3

实验1.3 家兔的捉持和给药方法 4

【附】豚鼠的捉持和给药方法 5

实验1.4 狗的捉持和给药方法 5

三、常用实验动物的麻醉 6

四、实验动物的取血方法 9

第二章 药理学总论的实验 15

一、药物对机体（病原体）的作用 15

实验2.1 药物的局部作用和全身作用 15

实验2.2 药物的间接作用 16

二、机体对药物的作用 17

实验2.3 溴磺酞钠的药代动力学参数估算 17

实验2.4 药物血浆蛋白结合率测定 18

三、影响药物作用的因素 19

实验2.5 影响药物作用的因素 20

第三章 中枢神经系统药物实验 22

一、全身麻醉药实验 23

实验3.1 挥发性液体麻醉药活性测定 23

二、镇静催眠实验 24

实验3.2 巴比妥类药物作用的比较 24

实验3.3 镇静催眠药的协同作用和对抗中枢兴奋药的作用 25

实验3.4 药物对动物自发活动的影响 26

三、抗癫痫药和抗惊厥药实验 27

实验3.5 药物的抗电惊厥作用 27

实验3.6 药物对抗中枢兴奋药惊厥的作用 28

四、抗精神失常药实验 29

实验3.7 氯丙嗪的安定作用 29

实验3.8 氯丙嗪对小鼠基础代谢的影响 30

实验3.9 药物的镇痛作用（热板法） 31

实验3.10 药物的镇痛作用（化学刺激法） 32

五、中枢兴奋药实验 33

实验3.11 士的宁和印防己毒素惊厥类型及作用部位的比较 33

实验3.12 尼可刹米对抗吗啡的呼吸抑制作用 35

实验3.13 尼莫地平对小鼠获得记忆的促进作用 36

第四章 传出神经系统药物实验 38

实验4.1 传出神经药物对麻醉犬血压、肠蠕动和腺体分泌的影响 39

实验4.2 药物对离体兔主动脉条的作用 41

实验4.3 药物对离体肠管的作用 42

实验4.4 药物对在体豚鼠下腹神经输精管的作用 43

实验4.5 有机磷药物中毒及解救 44

实验4.6 普鲁卡因和丁卡因表面麻醉作用的比较 45

第五章 内脏系统药物实验 47

一、治疗心功能不全药物实验 48

实验5.1 强心苷对离体心脏的作用 48

实验5.2 药物对离体乳头肌收缩舒张性能的影响 50

实验5.3 药物对大鼠左心功能与血流动力学的影响 52

二、抗心律失常药实验 55

实验5.4 奎尼丁拮抗乌头碱诱发大鼠心律失常的作用 56

实验5.5 药物对家兔电致室颤阈的影响 57

实验5.6 利多卡因对氯化钡诱发心律失常的治疗作用 58

实验5.7 利多卡因对哇巴因引起心律失常的对抗作用 59

实验5.8 药物抑制大鼠缺血-再灌注心律失常的作用 60

实验5.9 药物对离体心房肌有效不应期和收缩力的影响 62

三、抗心肌缺血药实验 63

实验5.10 结扎兔冠状动脉引起的心肌梗死 64

实验5.11 药物对离体豚鼠心脏心肌收缩力和冠状流量的影响 66

实验5.12 硝基四氮唑蓝染色法测量心肌梗死范围 67

实验5.13 丹参注射液对垂体后叶素致兔心肌缺血的作用 68

实验5.14 血脂测定法 69

四、抗高血压药物实验 72

实验5.15 六烃季铵降压作用机制的分析 73

实验5.16 离体兔耳血管灌流 74

五、利尿药和脱水药实验 76

实验5.17 呋塞米和高渗葡萄糖对家兔的利尿作用 76

实验5.18 氢氯噻嗪对大鼠的利尿作用 78

六、镇咳药、祛痰药和平喘药实验 81

实验5.19 可待因对小鼠氨水引咳的镇咳作用 82

实验5.20 可待因对电刺激猫喉上神经引咳的镇咳作用 84

实验5.21 远志煎剂对小鼠气管酚红排泌量的影响 86

实验5.22 氨茶碱对豚鼠组胺-乙酰胆碱引喘的平喘作用 87

实验5.23 药物对豚鼠离体气管的作用 88

七、消化系统药物实验 90

实验5.24 药物对胃肠道蠕动的影响 91

实验5.25 药物对实验性胃溃疡的防治作用 92

实验5.26 去氢胆酸对大鼠的利胆作用 93

八、促凝血药和抗凝血药实验 94

实验5.27 药物的体外抗凝血作用 95

实验5.28 药物的促凝血作用 96

九、抗血小板药 97

实验5.29 血小板黏附性测定法 98

实验5.30 血小板凝集性测定法 99

实验5.31 动静脉旁路血栓形成实验 101

实验5.32 苯海拉明对组胺的竞争性拮抗作用及pa2值 102

第六章 抗炎药物实验 106

实验6.1 氢化可的松对小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性的影响 106

实验6.2 吲哚美辛对小鼠巴豆油耳肿胀的影响 107

实验6.3 吲哚美辛对角叉菜胶诱发大鼠足跖肿胀的影响 108

实验6.4 药物对实验性胸膜炎的影响 109

第七章 化学治疗药物实验 111

一、抗菌药实验 111

实验7.1 诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星及环丙沙星的体外抗菌 114

实验7.2 诺氟沙星对小鼠体内感染的保护性实验 116

二、抗肿瘤药物实验 117

实验7.3 抗肿瘤药的美蓝试管法初筛 118

实验7.4 5-fu对小鼠肉瘤s180的实验治疗 118

实验7.5 小鼠（裸鼠）肾被膜下人癌细胞移植法 120

第八章 避孕药实验 122

一、抗生育试验 122

二、抗着床试验 123

三、抗早孕试验 123

实验8.1 炔诺酮的抗排卵作用（交配法） 123

第九章 抗衰老药物实验 125

一、自由基学说方面 125

实验9.1 过氧化脂质的测定 125

实验9.2 超氧化物歧化酶（sod）测定方法 126

二、对免疫功能的影响 128

实验9.3 免疫器官重量法 128

实验9.4 单核吞噬细胞功能测定法 128

三、对应激能力的影响 129

实验9.5 小鼠耐缺氧实验 130

实验9.6 小鼠耐寒实验 130

实验9.7 小鼠游泳实验 131

四、对中枢神经系统方面的作用 131

实验9.8 单胺氧化酶-b活性测定 132

第十章 药物的安全性评价 133

一、药物的毒性试验 133

实验10.1 普鲁卡因急性ld50测定 133

二、制剂的安全限度试验 146

实验10.2 热原试验 147

实验10.3 刺激性试验 149

实验10.4 降压物质试验 150

实验10.5 溶血性试验 152

英文部分 154

chapter 1 basic knowledge and techniques in pharmacological experiments 154

Ⅰ．aim and objective of pharmacological experiments 154

Ⅱ．how to handle and administer drugs to animals 155

experment 1.1 how to handle and administer drugs to mice 155

experment 1.2 how to handle and administer drugs to rats 157

experiment 1.3 how to handle and administer drugs to rabbits 157

experiment 1.4 how to handle and administer drugs to dogs 159

Ⅲ．anesthesia of animals widely used in experiment 160

Ⅳ．how to collect blood from experimental animals 163

chapter 2 experiments related to introduction of pharmacology 170

Ⅰ．the effect of drugs on the body 170

experiment 2.1 the local and systemic action of drugs 171

experiment 2.2 indirect effect of drugs 172

Ⅱ．the effect of the body on drug 173

experiment 2.3 estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of bsp 173

experiment 2.4 measurement of plasma-protein binding rate 176

Ⅲ．factors that influence drug action 177

experiment 2.5 factors affecting drug action 177

chapter 3 experiments of drugs affecting the central nervous system 180

Ⅰ．experiment of general anethetics 181

experiment 3.1 activity determination of volatile fluid anesthetics 181

Ⅱ．experiment of sedatives and hypnotics 183

experiment 3.2 comparison of the actions of barbiturates 183

experiment 3.3 synergism of sedatives and hypnotics and their antagonistic actions to central stimulants 184

experiment 3.4 effects of drugs on spontaneous activity of animals 186

Ⅲ．experiment of antiepileptics and anticonvulsants 187

experiment 3.5 effects of drugs on electric shock 187

experiment 3.6 effects of drugs on convulsion produced by central stimulants 189

Ⅳ．experiment of antipsychotics 190

experiment 3.7 tranquilizing effect of chlorpromazine 190

experiment 3.8 effects of chlorpromazine on the tolerance of hypoxia in mice 191

Ⅴ．experiments of analogesics 193

experiment 3.9 analgesic action of drugs(the hot plate method) 193

experiment 3.10 analgesic action of drugs(the chemical irritation method) 195

Ⅵ．experiments of central stimulants 196

experiment 3.11 comparison of convulsive type and site of action of strychnine and picrotoxin 196

experiment 3.12 the antagonistic effect of nikethamide on the depression of respiration by morphine 198

experiment 3.13 the promotive effect of nimodipine on acquired memory of mouse 200

chapter 4 experiments of drugs affecting the peripheral efferent nervous system 203

experiment 4.1 effects of drugs affecting the peripheral efferent nervous system on blood pressure,intestinal movement and gland secretion in anesthetized dog 204

experiment 4.2 effects of drugs on the isolated aorta strip of rabbit 207

experiment 4.3 effects of drugs on isolated intestine 208

experiment 4.4 effects of drugs on in vivo spermaduct controlled by hypogastric nerve in guinea pig 210

experiment 4.5 acute intoxication by organophosphate compounds and its treatment 212

experiment 4.6 comparison of surface anesthetic action of procaine and tetracaine 214

chapter 5 experiments of drugs affecting the splanchnic system 217

Ⅰ．experiments of drugs used for cardiac insufficiency 218

experiment 5.1 effects of cardiac glycosides on the isolated heart of frog 219

experiment 5.2 effects of drugs on the contraction and relaxation of isolated papillary muscles 221

experiment 5.3 effects of drugs on left heart function and hemodynamics of rat 224

Ⅱ．experiments of antiarrhythmic drugs 226

experiment 5.4 the antagonistic effects of quinidine on aconitine-induced arrhythmia in rat 227

experiment 5.5 the effect of drug on the threshold of ventricular fibrillation induced by electric stimulation in rabbit 229

experiment 5.6 the therapeutic effect of lidocaine on arrhythmia induced by barium chloride in rat 231

experiment 5.7 the antagonistic effect of lidocaine on arrhythmia induced by ouabain 233

experiment 5.8 the inhibitory effects of drugs on arrhythmia caused by ischemia-reperfusion in rat 234

experiment 5.9 the effect of drug on effective refractory period and contractility of in vitro atrial muscle 237

Ⅲ．experiments of anti-myocardial ischemic drugs 239

experiment 5.10 myocardial infarction caused by ligaturing coronary artery of rabbit 240

experiment 5.11 the effects of drugs on myocardial contractility and coronary blood flow of in vitro heart of guinea pig 243

experiment 5.12 measurement of area of myocardial infarction by nitro-blue tetrazolium staining 245

experiment 5.13 the effects of dan-shen parenteral solution on myocardial ischemia of rabbit induced by pituitrin 247

experiment 5.14 measurement of blood fat 249

Ⅳ．experiments of antihypertensives 253

experiment 5.15 analysis of the mechanism of hypotensive action of hexamethonium 255

experiment 5.16 vascular perfusion of isolated ear of rabbit 257

Ⅴ．diuretics and dehydrating agents 259

experiment 5.17 the diuretic effect of furosemide and hypertonic glucose on anesthetized rabbit 260

experiment 5.18 the diuretic action of hydrochlorothiazide on rat 263

Ⅵ．experiments of antitussive,expectorant and antiasthmatic agents 266

experiment 5.19 the antitussive effect of codeine on mice coughing induced by ammonia water 268

experiment 5.20 the antitussive effect of codeine on coughing induced by electric stimulation on superior laryngeal nerve of cat 270

experiment 5.21 the effect of siberian milkwort root decoction on phenolsulfonphthalein secretion of mice's bronchus 273

experiment 5.22 the antiasthmatic effect of aminophylline on asthma stimulated by histamine-acetycholine 274

experiment 5.23 effect of drugs on isolated guinea pig trachea 276

Ⅶ experiments of drugs affecting digestive system 279

experiment 5.24 the effect of drugs on gastrointestinal movement 280

experiment 5.25 prevention and treatment function of drug on experimental gastric ulcer 281

experiment 5.26 the cholagogic function of dehydrocholic acid on rat 282

Ⅷ the experiments of coagulants and anticoagulants 284

experiment 5.27 anticoagulant action of drugs in vitro 285

experiment 5.28 action of drug on promoting coagulation 288

Ⅸ platelet inhibitors 289

experiment 5.29 determining method of platelet adhesiveness 290

experiment 5.30 determining method of platelet aggregation 292

experiment 5.31 thrombus formation with arteriovenous shunt in rat 294

experiment 5.32 the competitive antagonistic effect of diphenhydra mine on histamine and the measurement of pa2 296

chapter 6 experiments of anti-inflammatory drugs 300

experiment 6.1 effect on intraabdominal capillary permeability of mouse by injection of hydrocortisone 300

experiment 6.2 effect of indomethacin on auricular tumescence induced by croton oil in mice 302

experiment 6.3 effect of indomethacin on tumescence produced in the hind paw of the rat by injecting carragheenin 303

experiment 6.4 effect of drugs on the experimental pleuritis 305

chapter 7 experiments of chemotherapeutic drugs 307

Ⅰ．antibacterial experiment 307

experiment 7.1 assay the antibacterial activity in vitro of norfloxacin,ofloxacin,and cinrofloxacin 311

experiment 7.2 the protective test of norfloxacin on in vivo infection of mice 314

Ⅱ．experiments of antitumor drugs 315

experiment 7.3 methylene blue tube method of screening anti-tumor drug primarily 316

experiment 7.4 therapeutic effect of 5-fu on mice sarcoma s180 318

experiment 7.5 human cancer's grafting under kidney capsule of mice(nude mouse) 320

chapter 8 experiments of contraceptives 322

experiment 8.1 anti-ovulation effect of norethisterone(copulation method) 324

chapter 9 experiments of anti-aging drugs 326

Ⅰ．free radical theory 326

experiment 9.1 the determination of lipid peroxide 327

experiment 9.2 the assay to determine superoxide dismutase(sod) 328

Ⅱ．effects of drugs on immunological function 330

experiment 9.3 the assay to weigh the immune organs 330

experiment 9.4 the assay to determine function of the mononuclear phagocytes 331

Ⅲ．drug's effect on stress 332

experiment 9.5 hypoxia tolerance test of mice 333

experiment 9.6 the cold-resistant test of mice 334

experiment 9.7 the swimming test of mice 334

Ⅳ．the effects on the central nervous system 335

experiment 9.8 the test of the activity of the monoamine oxidase-b 336

chapter 10 evaluation of drug safety 338

Ⅰ．drug toxicity test 338

experiment 10.1 ld50 determination of procaine 338

Ⅱ．safety limit of preparation experiment 354

experiment 10.2 pyrogen experiment 355

experiment 10.3 irritation test 358

experiment 10.4 hypersensitivity test 360

experiment 10.5 hypotensive substance test 362

experiment 10.6 haemolyticus test 363