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图书目录
Chapter 1.INTRODUCTION: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT 1
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time 2
1.2 Density and Atomic Mass 5
1.3 Dimensional Analysis 6
1.4 Conversion of Units 7
1.5 Order of Magnitude Calculations 8
1.6 Significant Figures 9
1.7 Mathematical Notation 9
1.8 Summary 10
Chapter 2.VECTORS 13
2.1 Coordinate Systems and Frames of Reference 13
2.2 Vectors and Scalars 14
2.3 Some Properties of Vectors 15
2.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors 17
2.5 Force 21
2.6 Summary 22
Chapter 3.MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION 26
3.1 Average Velocity 26
3.2 Instantaneous Velocity 27
3.3 Acceleration 30
3.4 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration 32
3.5 Freely Falling Bodies 35
3.6 Summary 38
Chapter 4.MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS 44
4.1 The Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors 44
4.2 Motion in Two Dimensions with Constant Acceleration 46
4.3 Projectile Motion 48
4.4 Uniform Circular Motion 54
4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration in Curvilinear Motion 55
4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration 57
4.7 Summary 60
Chapter 5.THE LAWS OF MOTION 66
5.1 Introduction to Classical Mechanics 66
5.2 The Concept of Force 66
5.3 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames 68
5.4 Inertial Mass 70
5.5 Newton’s Second Law 71
5.6 Weight 72
5.7 Newton’s Third Law 73
5.8 Some Applications of Newton’s Laws 74
5.9 Forces of Friction 81
5.10 Summary 84
Chapter 6.FORCES IN NATURE AND MORE APPLICATIONS OF NEWTON’S LAWS 93
6.1 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitv 93
6.2 Measurement of the Gravitational Constant 94
6.3 Inertial and Gravitational Mass 95
6.4 Weight and Gravitational Force 97
6.5 Electrostatic Forces 98
6.6 Nuclear Forces 99
6.7 Newton’s Second Law Applied to Uniform Circular Motion 100
6.8 Nonuniform Circular Motion 102
6.9 Motion in Accelerated or Noninertial Frames 103
6.10 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces 105
6.11 Summary 109
Chapter 7.WORK AND ENERGY 114
7.1 Introduction 114
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force 115
7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors 116
7.4 Work Done by a Varying Force—One-Dimensional Case 118
7.5 Work and Kinetic Energy 123
7.6 Power 127
7.7 Energy and the Automobile 129
7.8 Summary 132
Chapter 8.POTENTIAL ENERGY AND CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 137
8.1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 137
8.2 Potential Energy 139
8.3 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 140
8.4 Gravitational Potential Energy Near the Earth’s Surface 141
8.5 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem 144
8.6 Potential Energy Stored in a Spring 145
8.7 Relation Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy 148
8.8 Energy Diagrams and Stability of Equilibrium 149
8.9 Mass-Energy 150
8.10 Conservation of Energy in General 153
8.11 Energy From the Tides 154
8.12 Summary 156
Chapter 9.LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS 163
9.1 Linear Momentum and Impulse 163
9.2 Conservation of Linear Momentum for a Two-Particle System 167
9.3 Collisions 169
9.4 Collisions in One Dimension 170
9.5 Two-Dimensional Collisions 173
9.6 The Center of Mass 175
9.7 Motion of a System of Particles 178
9.8 Rocket Propulsion 180
9.9 Summary 182
Chapter 10 ROTATION OF A RIGID BODY ABOUT A FIXED AXIS 189
10.1 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration 189
10.2 Rotational Kinematics： Rotational Motion with Constant Angular Acceleration 191
10.3 Relationships Between Angular and Linear Quantities 192
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy 194
10.5 Calculation of Moments of Inertia for Rigid Bodies 196
10.6 Torque 199
10.7 Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration 200
10.8 Work and Energy in Rotational Motion 202
10.9 Summary 205
Chapter 11.ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND TORQUE AS VECTOR QUANTITIES 211
11.1 The Vector Product and Torque 211
11.2 Angular Momentum of a Particle 214
11.3 Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles 216
11.4 Conservation of Angular Momentum 219
11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops 222
11.6 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Body 225
11.7 Angular Momentum as a Fundamental Quantity 227
11.8 Summarv 229
Chapter 12.STATIC EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY 236
12.1 The Conditions of Equilibrium of a Rigid Body 236
12.2 The Center of Gravity 240
12.3 Examples of Rigid Bodies in Static Equilibrium 241
12.4 Summary 244
Chapter 13.OSCILLATORY MOTION 250
13.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 250
13.2 Mass Attached to a Spring 254
13.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 259
13.4 The Pendulum 261
13.5 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion With Uniform Circular Motion 264
13.6 Damped Oscillations 266
13.7 Forced Oscillations 267
13.8 Summary 269
Chapter 14.THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION 276
14.1 Kepler’s Laws 276
14.2 The Law of Universal Gravitation and the Motion of Planets 277
14.3 The Gravitational Field 281
14.4 Gravitational Potential Energy 282
14.5 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion 284
14.6 The Gravitational Force Between an Extended Body and a Particle 287
14.7 Gravitational Force Between a Particle and a Spherical Mass 288
14.8 Derivation of the Gravitational Effect of a Spherical Mass Distribution 290
14.9 Summary 292
Chapter 15.MECHANICS OF SOLIDS AND FLUIDS 297
15.1 States of Matter 297
15.2 Elastic Properties of Solids 298
15.3 Density and Pressure 302
15.4 Variations of Pressure with Depth 303
15.5 Pressure Measurements 305
15.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle 305
15.7 Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli’s Equation 307
15.8 Other Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 311
15.9 Energy from the Wind 311
15.10 Summary 313
Chapter 16.TEMPERATURE, THERMAL EXPANSION AND IDEAL GASES 319
16.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 319
16.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales 320
16.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Kelvin Scale 321
16.4 The Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Rankine Temperature Scales 323
16.5 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 326
16.6 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 329
16.7 Summary 331
Chapter 17.HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 335
17.1 Heat and Thermal Energy 336
17.2 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 336
17.3 Latent Heat 339
17.4 Heat Transfer 341
17.5 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 345
17.6 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes 345
17.7 The First Law of Thermodynamics 347
17.8 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics 350
17.9 Summary 352
Chapter 18.THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 359
18.1 Molecular Model for the Pressure of an Ideal Gas 359
18.2 Molecular Interpretation of Temperature 361
18.3 Heat Capacity of an Ideal Gas 363
18.4 Adiabatic Process for an Ideal Gas 366
18.5 The Equipartition of Energy 367
18.6 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 370
18.7 Mean Free Path 372
18.8 Van der Waals’ Equation of State 374
18.9 Summary 376
Chapter 19.HEAT ENGINES, ENTROPY, AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 380
19.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 381
19.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 382
19.3 The Carnot Engine 384
19.4 The Absolute Temperature Scale 387
19.5 The Gasoline Engine 387
19.6 Degradation of Energy 389
19.7 Entropy 390
19.8 Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes 393
19.9 Energy Conversion and Thermal Pollution 395
19.10 Summary 397
Chapter 20.ELECTRIC FIELDS 402
20.1 Introduction 402
20.2 Properties of Electric Charges 403
20.3 Insulators and Conductors 404
20.4 Coulomb’s Law 406
20.5 The Electric Field 409
20.6 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution 412
20.7 Electric Field Lines 415
20.8 Motion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field 417
20.9 The Oscilloscope 419
20.10 Summary 420
Chapter 21.GAUSS’ LAW 428
21.1 Electric Flux 428
21.2 Gauss’ Law 431
21.3 Application of Gauss’ Law to Charged Insulators 433
21.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 436
21.5 Experimental Proof of Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 438
21.6 Derivation of Gauss’ Law 439
21.7 Summary 440
Chapter 22.ELECTRIC POTENTIAL 444
22.1 Potential.Difference and Electric Potential 444
22.2 Potential Differences in a Uniform Electric Field 446
22.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges 448
22.4 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Chargc Distributions 450
22.5 Obtaining E From the Electric Potential 453
22.6 Potential of a Charged Conductor 455
22.7 Applications of Electrostatics 459
22.8 Summary 462
Chapter 23.CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS 469
23.1 Definition of Capacitance 469
23.2 Calculation of Capacitance 470
23.3 Combinations of Capacitors 472
23.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 475
23.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics 477
23.6 Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field 481
23.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics 482
23.8 Summary 485
Chapter 24.CURRENT AND RESISTANCE 492
24.1 Electric Current and Current Density 492
24.2 Resistance and Ohm’s Law 494
24.3 The Resistivity of Different Conductors 497
24.4 Electrical Energy and Power 499
24.5 A Model for Electrical Conduction 501
24.6 Conduction in Semiconductors and Insulators 504
24.7 Semiconductor Devices 507
24.8 Summary 509
Chapter 25.DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS 514
25.1 Electromotive Force 514
25.2 Resistors in Series and in Parallel 516
25.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules 519
25.4 RC Circuits 522
25.5 Measurements of Resistance 526
25.6 The Potentiometer 528
25.7 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety 528
25.8 Summary 530
Chapter 26.MAGNETIC FIELDS 536
261 Introduction 536
26.2 Definition and Properties of the Magnetic Field 537
26.3 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 540
26.4 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field 543
26.5 Mofion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 547
26.6 Applications of the Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field 549
26.7 The Hall Effect 552
26.8 Summary 554
Chapter 27.SOURCES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD 560
27.1 The Biot-Savart Law 560
27.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors 564
27.3 Ampere’s Law 565
27.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 568
27.5 Magnetic Flux 570
27.6 Gauss’ Law in Magnetism 571
27.7 The Magnetic Field Along the Axis of a Solenoid 572
27.8 Displacement Current and the Generalized Amperes Law 573
27.9 Summary 574
Chapter 28.FARADAY’S LAW 582
28.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction 582
28.2 Motional emf 584
28.3 Lenz’s Law 587
28.4 Induced emfs and Electric Fields 590
28.5 Generators and Motors 591
28.6 Eddy Currents 593
28.7 Maxwell’s Wonderful Equations 595
28.8 Summary 596
Chapter 29.INDUCTANCE 603
29.1 Self-Inductance 603
29.2 RL Circuits 605
29.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field 608
29.4 Mutual Inductance 609
29.5 Oscillation in an LC Circuit 611
29.6 The RLC Circuit 615
29.7 Summary 617
Chapte- 30.MAGNETISM IN MATTER 624
30.1 The Magnetization of a Substance 624
30.2 The Magnetic Moment of Atoms 629
30.3 Paramagnetism 630
30.4 Diamagnetism 632
30.5 Ferromagnetism 634
30.6 Summary 637
Chapter 31.ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUITS 641
31.1 Resistors in an ac Circuit 641
31.2 Inductors in an ac Circuit 642
31.3 Capacitors in an ac Circuit 644
31.4 The RLC Series Circuit 646
31.5 Power in an ac Circuit 649
31.6 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit 650
31.7 Filter Circuits 653
31.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission 654
31.9 Summary 656
Chapter 32.WAVE MOTION 662
32.1 Introduction 662
32.2 Types of Waves 663
32.3 One-Dimensional Traveling Waves 665
32.4 Superposition and Interference of Waves 667
32.5 The Velocity of Waves on Strings 669
32.6 Reflection and Transmission of Waves 671
32.7 Harmonic Waves 673
32.8 Energy Transmitted by Harmonic Waves on Strings 677
32.9 The Linear Wave Equation 678
32.10 Summary 679
Chapter 33.SOUND WAVES 683
33.1 Velocity of Sound Waves 683
33.2 Harmonic Sound Waves 687
33.3 Energy and Intensity of Harmonic Sound Waves 688
33.4 Spherical and Planar Waves 690
33.5 The Doppler Effect 692
33.6 Summary 696
Chapter 34.SUPERPOSITION AND STANDING WAVES 700
34.1 Superposition and Interference of Harmonic Waves 701
34.2 Standing Waves 703
34.3 Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends 706
34.4 Resonance 709
34.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns 710
34.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Plates 713
34.7 Beats: Interference in Time 713
34.8 Complex Waves 716
34.9 Summary 717
Chapter 35.ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 722
35.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries 723
35.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves 724
35.3 Energy and Momentum of Electromagnetic Waves 728
35.4 Radiation from an Infinite Current Sheet 731
35.5 The Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna 733
35.6 The Specttum of Electromagnetic Waves 735
35.7 Summary 737
Chapter 36.THE NATURE OF LIGHT AND THE LAWS OF GEOMETRIC OPTICS 742
36.1 The Nature of Light 742
36.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light 744
36.3 Huygens’ Principle 745
36.4 The Ray Approximation in Geometric Optics 746
36.5 The Laws of Reflection and Refraction at Planar Surfaces 747
36.6 The Index of Refraction 749
36.7 Dispersion and Prisms 751
36.8 Huygens’ Principle Applied to Reflection and Refraction 753
36.9 Total Internal Reflection 754
36.10 Light Intensity 756
36.11 Fermat’s Principle 758
36.12 Summary 759
Chapter 37.GEOMETRIC OPTICS 764
37.1 Images Formed by Planar Mirrors 764
37.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors 765
37.3 Ray Diagrams for Mirrors 769
37.4 Images Formed by Refraction 770
37.5 Thin Lenses 773
37.6 Lens Aberrations 779
37.7 The Camera 780
37.8 The Eye 781
37.9 The Simple Magnifier 783
37.10 The Compound Microscope and the Telescope 784
37.11 Summary 786
Chapter 38.INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT WAVES 791
38.1 Conditions for Interference 791
38.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 792
38.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern 794
38.4 Phasor Addition of Waves 797
38.5 Change of Phase Due to Reflection 801
38.6 Interference in Thin Films 803
38.7 The Michelson Interferometer 806
38.8 Summary 807
Chapter 39.DIFFRACTION AND POLARIZATION 812
39.1 Introduction to Diffraction 812
39.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction of a Single Slit 814
39.3 Resolution of a Single Slit and Circular Apertures 817
39.4 The Diffraction Grating 820
39.5 Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals 822
39.6 Polarization of Light Waves 823
39.7 Summary 829
Chapter 40.SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 835
40.1 Introduction 835
40.2 The Principle of Relativity 836
40.3 Evidence that Galilean Transformations are Incorrect 837
40.4 Einstein’s Postulates 838
40.5 The Lorentz Transformation 839
40.6 Consequences of the Lorentz Transformation 842
40.7 Simultaneity and the Relativity of Time 847
40.8 Relativistic Momentum 848
40.9 Relativistic Energy 849
40.10 Confirmations and Consequences of Relativity Theory 852
40.11 Summary 853
Chapter 41.QUANTUM PHYSICS 857
41.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis 858
41.2 The Photoelectric Effect 860
41.3 The Compton Effect 863
41.4 Atomic Spectra 866
41.5 The Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 867
41.6 Photons and Electromagnetic Waves 872
41.7 The Wave Properties of Particles 873
41.8 The Wave Function 875
41.9 The Uncertainty Principle 876
41.10 Lasers and Atomic Transitions 877
41.11 Summary 880
Chapter 42.WAVE MECHANICS 886
42.1 Introduction to Wave Mechanics 886
42.2 The Wave Nature of Electrons 888
42.3 A Particle in a Box 891
42.4 The Schrodinger Equation 895
42.5 Other Applications of the Schrodinger Equation 899
42.6 The Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box 905
42.7 Summary 907
Chapter 43.ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 913
43.1 The Hydrogen Atom 914
43.2 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen 916
43.3 The Quantum Numbers 919
43.4 The Normal Zeeman Effect 922
43.5 Electron Spin 924
43.6 Total Angular Momentum 926
43.7 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table 928
43.8 The Spectra of Atoms 923
43.9 The Energy and Spectra of Molecules 935
43.10 Summary 940
Chapter 44.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 947
44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 947
44.2 Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces 953
44.3 Nuclear Models 955
44.4 Radioactivity 958
44.5 The Decay Processes 961
44.6 Nuclear Reactions 967
44.7 Summary 969
Chapter 45.NUCLEAR ENERGY AND NUCLEAR INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER 977
45.1 Collisions 977
45.2 Interactions Involving Neutrons 979
45.3 Nuclear Fission 981
45.4 Nuclear Reactors 983
45.5 Nuclear Fusion 986
45.6 The Interaction of Particles with Matter 992
45.7 Radiation Damage in Matter 996
45.8 Radiation Detectors 997
45.9 Summary 1000