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1Overview of Programming and Problem Solving 1

1.1 Overview of Programming 2

What Is Programming? 2

How Do We Write a Program? 2

1.2 What Is a Programming Language? 7

1.3 What Is a Computer? 11

1.4 Ethics and Responsibilities in the Computing Profession 15

Software Piracy 15

Privacy of Data 16

Use of Computer Resources 16

Software Engineering 17

1.5 Problem-Solving Techniques 17

Ask Questions 18

Look for Things That Are Familiar 19

Solve by Analogy 19

Means-Ends Analysis 19

Divide and Conquer 20

The Building-Block Approach 20

Merging Solutions 21

Mental Blocks: The Fear of Starting 22

Algorithmic Problem Solving 22

Summary 22

2C++Syntax and Semantics, and the Program Development Process 25

2.1 The Elements of C++ Programs 26

C++ Program Structure 26

Syntax and Semantics 28

Syntax Templates 30

Naming Program Elements: Identifiers 31

Data and Data Types 33

Naming Elements: Declarations 34

Taking Action: Executable Statements 38

Beyond Minimalism: Adding Comments to a Program 43

2.2 Program Construction 44

Blocks （Compound Statements） 46

The C++Preprocessor 47

An Introduction to Namespaces 49

2.3 More About Output 50

Creating Blank Lines 50

Inserting Blanks Within a Line 51

Programming Example: Contest Letter 53

Testing and Debugging 57

Summary 59

Quick Check 59

Exam Preparation Exercises 62

Programming Wann-up Exercises 65

Programming Problems 67

3Numeric Types, Expressions, and Output 69

3.1 Overview of C++Data Types 70

3.2 Numeric Data Types 70

Integral Types 71

Floating-Point Types 72

3.3 Declarations for Numeric Types 73

Named Constant Declarations 73

Variable Declarations 74

3.4 Simple Arithmetic Expressions 74

Arithmetic Operators 75

Increment and Decrement Operators 78

3.5 Compound Arithmetic Expressions 78

Precedence Rules 79

Type Coercion and Type Casting 80

3.6 Function Calls and Library Functions 83

Value-Retuming Functions 83

Library Functions 85

Void Functions 86

3.7 Formatting the Output 87

Integers and Strings 87

Floating-Point Numbers 90

3.8 Additional string Operations 94

The length and size Functions 94

The find Function 95

The substr Function 97

Programming Example: Map Measurements 99

Testing and Debugging 102

Summary 103

Quick Check 103

Exam Preparation Exercises 106

Programming Warm-up Exercises 109

Programming Problems 113

4Program Input and the Software Design Process 115

4.1 Getting Data into Programs 116

Input Streams and the Extraction Operator （>>） 116

The Reading Marker and the Newline Character 119

Reading Character Data with the get Function 120

Skipping Characters with the ignore Function 122

Reading String Data 123

4.2 Interactive Input/Output 125

4.3 Noninteractive Input/Output 126

4.4 File Input and Output 127

Files 127

Using Files 127

An Example Program Using Files 130

Run-Time Input of File Names 133

4.5 Input Failure 134

4.6 Software Design Methodologies 135

4.7 What Are Objects? 136

4.8 Object-Oriented Design 138

4.9 Functional Decomposition 138

Modules 140

A Perspective on Design 141

Programming Example: Stretching a Canvas 142

Testing and Debugging 147

Testing and Debugging Hints 148

Summary 149

Quick Check 150

Exam Preparation Exercises 151

Programming Warm-up Exercises 153

Programming Problems 155

5Conditions, Logical Expressions, and Selection Control Structures 157

5.1 Flow of Control 158

Selection 159

5.2 Conditions and Logical Expressions 159

The bool Data Type 159

Logical Expressions 160

Precedence of Operators 166

Relational Operators with Floating-Point Types 167

5.3 The If Statement 168

The If-Then-Else Form 169

Blocks （Compound Statements） 170

The If-Then Form 172

A Common Mistake 173

5.4 Nested If Statements 174

The Dangling else 176

5.5 Testing the State of an I/O Stream 178

Programming Example: Warning Notices 180

Testing and Debugging 183

Testing in the Problem-Solving Phase: The Algorithm Walk-Through 184

Testing in the Implementation Phase 186

The Test Plan 191

Tests Performed Automatically During Compilation and Execution 192

Testing and Debugging Hints 193

Summary 195

Quick Check 195

Exam Preparation Exercises 196

Programming Warm-up Exercises 199

Programming Problems 202

6Looping 205

6.1 The While Statement 206

6.2 Phases of Loop Execution 208

6.3 Loops Using the While Statement 208

Count-Controlled Loops 209

Event-Controlled Loops 209

Looping Subtasks 212

6.4 How to Design Loops 214

Designing the Flow of Control 215

Designing the Process Within the Loop 216

The Loop Exit 217

6.5 Nested Logic 217

Designing Nested Loops 219

Programming Example: Average Income by Gender 220

Testing and Debugging 223

Loop-Testing Strategy 223

Test Plans Involving Loops 224

Testing and Debugging Hints 225

Summary 227

Quick Check 227

Exam Preparation Exercises 228

Programming Warm-up Exercises 231

Programming Problems 232

7Functions 235

7.1 Functional Decomposition with Void Functions 236

Writing Modules as Void Functions 236

7.2 An Overview of User-Defined Functions 239

Flow of Control in Function Calls 239

Function Parameters 240

7.3 Syntax and Semantics of Void Functions 241

Function Call （Invocation） 241

Function Declarations and Denitions 242

Local Variables 244

The Return Statement 245

Header Files 246

7.4 Parameters 247

Value Parameters 248

Reference Parameters 249

7.5 Designing Functions 250

Writing Assertions as Program Comments 252

Documenting the Direction of Data Flow 254

Programming Example: Comparison of Furniture-Store Sales 257

Testing and Debugging 263

The assert Library Function 265

Testing and Debugging Hints 266

Summary 267

Quick Check 268

Exam Preparation Exercises 269

Programming Warm-up Exercises 275

Programming Problems 277

8Scope, Lifetime, and More on Functions 281

8.1 Scope of Identifiers 282

Scope Rules 284

Variable Declarations and Definitions 287

Namespaces 288

8.2 Lifetime of a Variable 291

Initializations in Declarations 292

8.3 Interface Design 293

Side Effects 294

Global Constants 294

8.4 Value-Returning Functions 295

Boolean Functions 299

Interface Design for Value-Retuming Functions 300

When to Use Value-Retuming Functions 300

Programming Example: Starship Weight and Balance 302

Testing and Debugging 310

Stubs and Drivers 310

Testing and Debugging Hints 311

Summary 312

Quick Check 312

Exam Preparation Exercises 313

Programming Warm-up Exercises 317

Programming Problems 319

9Additional Control Structures 323

9.1 The Switch Statement 324

9.2 The Do-While Statement 327

9.3 The For Statement 330

9.4 The Break and Continue Statements 332

9.5 Guidelines for Choosing a Looping Statement 335

Programming Example: Monthly Rainfall Averages 336

Testing and Debugging 340

Testing and Debugging Hints 340

Summary 341

Quick Check 341

Exam Preparation Exercises 342

Programming Warm-up Exercises 344

Programming Problems 346

10Simple Data Types: Built-In and User-Defined 349

10.1 Built-In Simple Types 350

Integral Types 352

Floating-Point Types 353

10.2 Additional C+++ Operators 354

Assignment Operators and Assignment Expressions 356

Increment and Decrement Operators 357

Bitwise Operators 358

The Cast Operation 358

The sizeof Operator 358

The ? : Operator 359

Operator Precedence 359

10.3 Working with Character Data 360

Character Sets 361

C++ char Constants 362

Programming Techniques 363

10.4 More on Floating-Point Numbers 367

Representation of Floating-Point Numbers 367

Arithmetic with Floating-Point Numbers 370

10.5 User-Defined Simple Types 372

The Typedef Statement 372

Enumeration Types 373

Named and Anonymous Data Types 379

User-Written Header Files 380

10.6 More on Type Coercion 380

Type Coercion in Arithmetic and Relational Expressions 381

Type Coercion in Assignments, Argument Passing,and Return of a Function Value 382

Programming Example: Rock, Paper, Scissors 384

Testing and Debugging 391

Floating-Point Data 391

Coping with Input Errors 391

Testing and Debugging Hints 392

Summary 393

Quick Check 393

Exam Preparation Exercises 395

Programming Warm-up Exercises 397

Programming Problems 398

11Structured Types, Data Abstraction, and Classes 401

11.1 Simple Versus Structured Data Types 402

11.2 Records （C++ Structs） 403

Accessing Individual Components 405

Aggregate Operations on Structs 407

More About Struct Declarations 409

Hierarchical Records 409

11.3 Unions 412

11.4 Data Abstraction 413

11.5 Abstract Data Types 415

11.6 C++ Classes 417

Classes, Class Objects, and Class Members 419

Built-in Operations on Class Objects 421

Class Scope 423

Information Hiding 423

11.7 Specification and Implementation Files 425

The Specification File 425

The Implementation File 427

Compiling and Linking a Multifile Program 431

11.8 Guaranteed Initialization with Class Constructors 434

Invoking a Constructor 435

Revised Specification and Implementation Files for TimeType 436

Guidelines for Using Class Constructors 438

Programming Example: Manipulating Dates 440

Programming Example: Birthday Calls 449

Testing and Debugging 456

Testing and Debugging Hints 459

Summary 460

Quick Check 461

Exam Preparation Exercises 464

Programming Warm-up Exercises 468

Programming Problems 470

12Arrays 475

12.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 476

Declaring Arrays 478

Accessing Individual Components 479

Out-of-Bounds Array Indexes 481

Initializing Arrays in Declarations 482

（Lack of） Aggregate Array Operations 483

Examples of Declaring and Accessing Arrays 484

Passing Arrays as Arguments 487

Assertions About Arrays 489

Using Typedef with Arrays 490

12.2 Arrays of Records and Class Objects 490

Arrays of Records 491

Arrays of Class Objects 492

12.3 Special Kinds of Array Processing 493

Subarray Processing 493

Indexes with Semantic Content 494

12.4 Two-Dimensional Arrays 494

12.5 Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays 498

Sum the Rows 499

Sum the Columns 500

Initialize the Array 501

Print the Array 502

12.6 Passing Two-Dimensional Arrays as Arguments 503

12.7 Another Way of Defining Two-Dimensional Arrays 505

12.8 Multidimensional Arrays 507

Programming Example: Comparison of Two Lists 510

Programming Example: City Council Election 515

Testing and Debugging 523

One-Dimensional Arrays 523

Complex Structures 524

Multidimensional Arrays 525

Testing and Debugging Hints 526

Summary 527

Quick Check 528

Exam Preparation Exercises 531

Programming Warm-up Exercises 536

Programming Problems 539

13Array-Based Lists 545

13.1 The List as an Abstract Data Type 546

13.2 Unsorted Lists 550

Basic Operations 550

Insertion and Deletion 552

Sequential Search 554

Sorting 555

13.3 Sorted Lists 558

Basic Operations 561

Insertion 561

Sequential Search 564

Binary Search 565

Deletion 570

13.4 Understanding Character Strings 572

Initializing C Strings 574

C String Input and Output 575

C String Library Routines 579

String Class or C Strings? 580

Programming Example: Exam Attendance 581

Testing and Debugging 587

Testing and Debugging Hints 588

Summary 588

Quick Check 589

Exam Preparation Exercises 590

Programming Warm-up Exercises 592

Programming Problems 594

14Object-Oriented Software Development 597

14.1 Object-Oriented Programming 598

14.2 Objects 600

14.3 Inheritance 601

Deriving One Class from Another 602

Specification of the ExtTime Class 606

Implementation of the ExtTime Class 608

Avoiding Multiple Inclusion of Header Files 612

14.4 Composition 613

Design of a TimeCard Class 613

Implementation of the TimeCard Class 614

14.5 Dynamic Binding and Virtual Functions 617

The Slicing Problem 618

Virtual Functions 620

14.6 Object-Oriented Design 622

Step 1: ldentify the Objects and Operations 622

Step 2: Determine the Relationships Among Objects 623

Step 3: Design the Driver 624

14.7 Implementing the Design 625

Programming Example: Time Card Lookup 626

Testing and Debugging 645

Testing and Debugging Hints 645

Summary 647

Quick Check 647

Exam Preparation Exercises 650

Programming Warm-up Exercises 651

Programming Problems 653

15Recursion 655

15.1 What Is Recursion? 656

15.2 Towers of Hanoi 660

15.3 Recursive Algorithms with Structured Variables 665

15.4 Recursion or Iteration? 666

Testing and Debugging 668

Testing and Debugging Hints 668

Summary 669

Quick Check 669

Exam Preparation Exercises 669

Programming Warm-up Exercises 671

Programming Problems 672

Appendix A Reserved Words 673

Appendix B Operator Precedence 673

Appendix C A Selection of Standard Library Routines 675

Appendix D Using This Book with a Prestandard Version of C＋＋ 684

Appendix E Character Sets 689

Appendix F Program Style, Formatting, and Documentation 692

Glossary 699

Answers to Selected Exercises 707

Index 729