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PART ONE Foundations 1

CHAPTER 1 Science and Research 1

Alternatives to Social Research 2

How Science Works 6

Quantitative and Qualitative Social Research 13

Steps in the Research Process 14

Why Conduct Social Research? 20

Conclusion 20

CHAPTER 2 Dimensions of Research 23

Dimensions of Research 23

Conclusion 47

CHAPTER 3 Theory and Research 49

What Is Theory? 50

Social Theory versus Ideology 50

The Parts of Social Theory 52

Aspects of Theory 58

The Dynamic Duo 76

Conclusion 77

CHAPTER 4 The Meanings of Methodology 79

The Three Approaches 80

Positivist Social Science 81

Interpretive Social Science 87

Critical Social Science 94

Feminist and Postmodern Research 102

Conclusion 104

CHAPTER 5 The Literature Review and Ethical Concerns 110

The Literature Review 110

Ethics in Social Research 129

Conclusion 146

PART TWO Planning and Preparation 149

CHAPTER 6 Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs 149

Triangulation 149

Qualitative and Quantitative Orientations toward Research 151

Qualitative Design Issues 157

Quantitative Design Issues 160

Conclusion 174

CHAPTER 7 Qualitative and Quantitative Measurement 179

Why Measure? 180

Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement 181

Parts of the Measurement Process 181

Reliability and Validity 188

A Guide to Quantitative Measurement 198

Index Construction 202

Scales 206

Conclusion 216

CHAPTER 8 Qualitative and Quantitative Sampling 219

Nonprobability Sampling 220

Probability Sampling 224

Conclusion 244

PART THREE Quantitative Data Collection and Analysis 246

CHAPTER 9 Experimental Research 246

Research Questions Appropriate for an Experiment 247

A Short History of the Experiment in Social Research 248

Random Assignment 249

Experimental Design Logic 252

Internal and External Validity 259

Practical Considerations 267

Results of Experimental Research:Making Comparisons 267

A Word on Ethics 269

Conclusion 269

CHAPTER 10 Survey Research 272

Research Questions Appropriate for a Survey 273

A History of Survey Research 273

The Logic of Survey Research 276

Constructing the Questionnaire 277

Types of Surveys:Advantages and Disadvantages 299

Interviewing 304

The Ethical Survey 313

Conclusion 314

CHAPTER 11 Nonreactive Research and Secondary Analysis 320

Nonreactive Measurement 320

Content Analysis 322

Existing Statistics/Documents and Secondary Analysis 331

Issues of Inference and Theory Testing 339

Conclusion 340

CHAPTER 12 Analysis of Quantitative Data 343

Dealing with Data 344

Results with One Variable 346

Results with Two Variables 353

More than Two Variables 362

Inferential Statistics 370

Conclusion 374

PART FOUR Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis 378

CHAPTER 13 Field Research 378

Research Questions Appropriate for Field Research 379

A Short History of Field Research 379

The Logic of Field Research 383

Choosing a Site and Gaining Access 385

Relations in the Field 392

Observing and Collecting Data 396

The Field Research Interview 406

Leaving the Field 411

Ethical Dilemmas of Field Research 412

Conclusion 414

CHAPTER 14 Historical-Comparative Research 418

A Short History of Historical-Comparative Research 419

Research Questions Appropriate for Historical-Comparative Research 419

The Logic of Historical-Comparative Research 420

Steps in a Historical-Comparative Research Project 428

Data and Evidence in Historical Context 430

Comparative Research 437

Equivalence in Historical-Comparative Research 449

Ethics 452

Conclusion 453

CHAPTER 15 Analysis of Qualitative Data 457

Comparing Methods of Data Analysis 458

Coding and Concept Formation 459

Analytic Strategies for Qualitative Data 466

Other Techniques 480

Conclusion 488

PART FIVE Communicating With Others 490

CHAPTER 16 Writing the Research Report and the Politics of Social Research 490

The Research Report 491

The Politics of Social Research 504

Objectivity and Value Freedom 516

Conclusion 518

Appendixes 521

APPENDIX A American Sociological Association Code of Ethics 521

APPENDIX B Table of Randomly Selected Five-Digit Numbers 535

APPENDIX C Sample of Data Archives and Resources for Secondary Analysis 537

APPENDIX D Measurement Theory and Specialized Techniques for Index and Scale Construction 539

APPENDIX E Evaluation Research 543

Bibliography 548

Name Index 552

Subject Index 554