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Preface 9

Introduction 11

CHAPTER Ⅰ Theoretical basis of electrophysiological phenomena＆(by J．Bures) 15

A．Some fundamentals of electrochemistry 15

B．The membrane theory of bioelectric phenomena 23

CHAPTER Ⅱ Electrophysiological apparatus and technique＆(by M．Petrán) 30

Introduction 30

Stimulation technique 31

Physical effect of the stimulus on the tissue 31

Physical characteristics of the stimulus 33

Main requirement for a stimulator 35

Kinds of stimuli 35

Harmonic voltage 35

Nonharmonic voltage 39

Stimulators 45

Mechanical stimulators 45

Transformers 47

Electronic stimulators 50

Generators of harmonic oscillations 51

Generators of nonharmonic oscillations 55

Blocking oscillator 66

Glow-discharge and thyratron oscǐllators 70

Pulse shaping circuits 76

Limiters 81

Assembling a stimulator 86

Recording technique 91

The fundamental characteristics of signals and their sources 91

Recording apparatus 92

Amplifiers 94

Valves 94

Some interference phenomena in amplifiers 98

Noise．Microphony 98

Elements of A．C．voltage amplifiers 101

Power amplifiers and impedance transformers 108

Electrometric amplifiers 108

Cathode follower 109

D．C．Amplifiers 116

Amplifying D．C．voltages with A．C．amplifiers 121

Recording devices 123

Moving coil,moving magnet and moving iron instruments．Capillary electrometer,string galvanometer,piezoelectric electrometer．Cathode-ray tube 126

Cathode-ray oscilloscope．Amplitude calibration and time marking 128

Mechanical and photographic recording 135

Simultaneous recording of electrical and non-electrical quantities 140

Location of faults and interferences 143

Faults 143

Interferences 147

Electrodes 158

CHAPTER Ⅲ General electrophysiology of cells and tissues＆(by J．Bures) 166

A．Electric potentials of cells 166

B．Electric potentials of tissues 175

C．Electric phenomena in plants 186

D．Electric polarity in the animal organism 195

CHAPTER Ⅳ Electrophysiology of isolated excitable structures in vitro＆(by J．Zachar) 199

A．Electrical manifestation of a nervous impulse 199

B．Propagation of nervous impulses 214

C．The initiation of nerve impulses 229

D．Recovery processes following a nerve impulse 245

E．Electrophysiology of the isolated skeletal muscle 252

F．Neuromuscular transmission in skeletal muscle 255

G．Synaptic transmission in a sympathetic ganglion 267

CHAPTER Ⅴ Electrophysiology of peripheral excitable structures in situ＆(by J．Zachar) 276

CHAPTER Ⅵ Electrophysiology of receptors＆(by J．Zachar) 290

A．Models of sensory organs 290

B．Impulse activity in sensory nerve fibres 293

C．Receptor potentials 297

CHAPTER Ⅶ Electrophysiology of the spinal cord＆(by J．Zachar) 306

CHAPTER Ⅷ Electrophysiology of the cerebral cortex＆(by J．Bures) 320

A．Electroencephalography and electrocorticography in general 320

B．Spontaneous EEG and ECoG in animals 325

C．Spontaneous EEG during anesthesia 330

D．Cortical primary responses 335

E．Responses of the cerebral cortex to direct electrical stimulation 350

F．Mapping of nervous pathways in the central nervous system using neuronography 355

G．Depth recording in the cerebral cortex 362

H．Antidromic and orthodromic stimulation of pyramidal paths 366

I．Steady potentials and impedance of the cerebral cortex 371

J．Spreading depression 376

K．Theoretical basis of recording electric potentials in a volume conductor 386

CHAPTER Ⅸ Electrophysiology of subcortical structures＆(by J．Bures) 392

A．The stereotaxic method 392

B．Primary responses in the subcortical centres of afferent systems 399

C．Electric activity of the cerebellum 404

D．Nonspecific subcortical influences on the cerebral cortex 409

E．Electrical activity of the hippocampus 414

F．Electrophysiological signs of an epileptic seizure 419

Appendix Ⅰ Stereotaxic atlases for the cat,rabbit and ret＆(by E．Fifková and J．Marsala,Institute of Anatomy,Charles＇ university,Prague) 426

References 468

Author index 493

Subject index 501