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Introductory Address＆by A．I．OPARIN 1

Discours d＇ouverture＆by M．FLORKIN 5

First Session (Chairman:M．FLORKIN) Primary Formation of Primitive Organic Compounds on the Earth 7

REPORTS 9

Some considerations about the primaeval state of the Earth＆V．G．FESENKOV 9

Primitive planetary atmospheres and the origin of life (read by S．L．MILIER)＆H．C．UREY 16

The origin of the biosphere＆A．P．VINOGRADOV 23

The problem of stages in biopoesis＆J．D．BERNAL 38

COMMUNICATIONS 54

The evolution of the atmosphere of the Earth＆V．A．SOKOLOV 54

The formation of the Earth from cold material and the problem of the formation of the simplest organic substances＆B．YU．LEVIN 67

Chemical diversity and the origins of life＆N．W．PIRIE 76

The geological conditions for the appearance of life on the Earth and the problems of petroleum genesis＆P．N．KROPOTKIN 84

The role of dissymmetry in the origin of living material (read by A．P．TERENT＇EV)＆A．P．TERENT＇EV and E．I．KLABUNOVSKII 95

DISCUSSION (Chairman:L．PAULING):N．H．HOROWITZ,V．I．KRASOVSKII and I．S．SHKLOVSKII (read by I．S．SHKLOVSKII), A．A．GARIBYANTS, N．M．GALAKTIONOVA, A．I．LEBEDINSKII, I．S．SHKLOVSKII, H．A．LYUBIMOVA, V．V．ALPATOV, A．S．KONIKOVA, J．D．BERNAL,N．W．PIRIE,A．E．BRAUNSHIEIN, A．KRAVTSOV, L．PAULING 106

Second Session (Chairman:J．D．BERNAL) The Transformation of Primary Organic Compounds on the Earth 121

REPORTS 123

Formation of organic compounds on the primitive Earth＆S．L．MILLER 123

Photosynthesis in the shortest ultraviolet＆A．N．TERENIN 136

COMMUNICATIONS 140

The reactions involved in the formation of compounds preliminary to the synthesis of protoplasm and other materials of biological importance＆K．BAHADUR 140

The original formation of amino acids under the action of ultraviolet rays and electric discharges (read by T．E．PAVLOVSKAYA)＆T．E．PAVLOVSKAYA and A．G．PASYNSKII 151

Absolute asymmetric synthesis and asymmetric catalysis＆E．I．KLABUNOVSKII 158

Some conditions for the appearance of life on the Earth＆R．L．BERG 169

DISCUSSION (Chairman I．MALEK):E．I．EL＇PINER and A．V．SOKOL＇SKAYA (read by E．I．EL＇PINER), M．VOL＇KENSHTEIN, A．G．PASYNSKII, E．I．KLABUNOVSKII and V．V．PATRIKEEV (read by V．V．PATRIKEEV), M．A．MESSINEVA, L．PAULING, J．D．BERNAL, S．AKABORI,C．REID,D．SAPOAHNIKOV, S．L．MILLER,S．Fox,A．G．PASYNSKII, A．YA．SMIRNOVA, A．A．GURVICH 172

Third Session (Chairman:IN-KHUN-CHEN) The Origin of Proteins,Nucleoproteins and Enzymes 187

REPORTS 189

On the origin of the fore-protein＆S．AKABORI 189

Der Ursprung der Enzyme＆O．HOFFMANN-OSTENHOF 197

Evolution of enzymes and the photosynthetic apparatus＆M．CALVIN 207

The nature of the forces operating in the process of the duplication of molecules in living organisms＆L．PAULING 215

COMMUNICATIONS 224

The occurrence of amino acids in Nature＆R．L．M．SYNGE 224

Ahnlichkeit der Struktur bei Eiweiβstoffen＆F．SORM 231

Die Kontinuitat des Eiweisses＆K．FELIX 241

A chemical theory of spontaneous generation＆S．W．FOX 256

(Chairman:K．MOTHES) 263

Complex compounds and models of enzymes＆L．A．NIKOLAEV 263

Experimental demonstration of the occurrence of metabolic processes in simple proteins (read by M．G．KRITSMAN)＆M．G．KRITSMAN and A．S．KONIKOVA 275

The problem of the origin of the proteins＆F．CEDRANGOLO 281

DISCUSION:S．E．BRESLER,＆ A．G．PAXYNSKII, S．OERIU,G．F．GAUSE, E．M．MAKOVSKII, A．M．GOLDOVSKII 289

Fourth Session (Chairman:S．AKABORI) The Origin of Proteins,Nucleoproteins and Enzymes (continued) 295

REPORTS 297

Nucleic acids as carriers of biological information＆E．CHARGAFF 297

The infective nucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus (read by H．L．FRAENKEL-CONRAT)＆H．L．FRAENKEL 303

Die Bedeutung der Virusforschung für die Erkenntnis biologischer Vermehrungsvorgange＆G．SCHRAMM 307

On the nature of viruses,genes and life＆W．M．STANLEY 313

COMMUNICATIONS 322

On the species specificity of the nucleic acids in bacteria＆A．N．BELOZERSKII 322

Die Spezifizitat der Desoxyribonukleinsaure＆A．WACKER 332

Die Entstehung des dynamischem Zustandes＆E．BRODA 334

Synthèse enzymatique des ribopolynucléotides＆M．GRUNBERG-MANAGO 344

A note on the evolution of nucleic acids＆A．E．MIRSKY 358

Les acides nucléiques et l＇origine des protéines＆J．BRACHET 361

DISCUSSION (Chairman:O．HOFFMANN-OSTENHOF) A．I．OPARIN, I．MALEK, E．N．PAVLOVSKII, N．W．PIRIE,A．A．SMORODINTSEV, H．L．FRAENKEL-CONRAT, W．M．STANLEY, L．A．ZIL＇BER, V．RYZHKOV, A．N．BELOZFRSKII, G．SCHRAMM, V．S．TONGUR,S．E．BRESLER, A．S．KONIKOVA, M．GRUNBERG-MANAGO,K．G．IOFFE, N．I．NUZHDIN 368

Fifth Session (Chairman:M．GRUNBERG-MANAGO) The Origin of Structure and Metabolism 383

REPORTS 385

The scale of structural units in biopoesis＆J．D．BERNAL 385

The part played by structural elements in the biochemical function of cells＆N．M．SISAKYAN 400

Problèmes d＇évolution dans la thermodynamique des phénomènes irreversibles (read at Sixth Session)＆I．PRIGOGINE 418

COMMUNICATIONS 428

Biochemical processes in the simplest structures＆A．I．OPARIN 428

The origin of life and the formation and organizing functions of natural membranes＆P．MITCHELL 437

Enzymic reactions in stationary open systems＆A．G．PASYNSKII 444

Biosynthesis of enzymes and their origin＆F．B．STRAUB 455

Cell structure and protein synthesis＆R．KHESIN 460

Some relationships between coacervates and enzymes＆E．MACOVSCHI 466

Protein complexes as biochemically active systems＆G．A．DEBORIN 470

DISCUSSION (Chairman:F．B．STRAUB):K．MOTHES,O．B．LEPESHINSKAYS, M．V．VOL＇KENSHTEIN？, A．G．PASYNSKII,？K．S．TRINCHER,？ZH．IORDANOV, G．M．FRANK, S．W．FOX,P．SOKOL, T．N．EVREINOVA, V．I．VOROBIEV, G．P．KALINA, M．I．GOL＇DIN, R．L．BERG, V．S．TONGUR, B．S．DISKINA, J．D．BERNAL, I．PRIGOGINE 480

Sixth Session (Chairman:K．Felix) The Evolution of Metabolism 501

REPORTS 503

L＇extension de la biosphère et l＇évolution biochimique＆M．FLORKIN 503

Uber einige wahrscheinliche Wege der Evolution des Stoffwechsels bei den Mikroorganismen＆V．N．SHAPOSHNIKOV 516

The pathways of biological assimilation and dissimilation of nitrogen and some aspects of their evolution＆A．E．BRAUNSHTHIN 527

COMUNICATIONS 544

Le role de l＇ammoniaque dans l＇assimilation autotrophe de l＇azote＆V．L．KRETOVICH 544

Meaning of nitrate and sulphate reduction in the process of metabolic evolution＆M．ISHIMOTO and F．EGAMI 555

The comparative characters of the oxidative systems of various groups of organisms in relation to their evolution＆B．A．RUBIN 562

The effect of cysteine on the methionine content of the animal and plant organism＆S．OERIU 572

DISCUSSION (Chairman:J．S．HELLER):K．MOTHES,A．BLAGOVESHCHENSKII,N．S．AKULOV,G．A．KRITSKII 578

Seventh Session (Chairman:E．M．MAKOVSKII) The Evolution of Metabolism (continued) 583

REPORTS 585

Au sujet du passage de la vie anaérobie á la vie aerobie＆E．AUBEL 585

Significance of molecular hydrogen metabolism in the transitionary stage from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis＆Y．ODA 593

Development of the mode of action of the photocatalytic system in organisms＆A．A．KRASNOVSKII 606

COMMUNICATIONS 619

The relation between primitive and present-day photobiological processes＆C．REID 619

The evolution of chemosynthesis＆YU．I．SOROKIN 626

Entstehung und Evolution der phototrophen Ernahrungsweise＆D．J．SAPOZHNIKOW 635

Die Grundetappen der Biogenese des Chlorophylls＆T．N．GODNEV 642

Thermal factors in archaeometabolism＆S．SCHER 650

FINAL GENERAL DISCUSSION (Chairman:M．CALVIN):Chairman＇s introductory remarks,S．FOX,S．SCHER,J．D．BERNAL,D．I．SQPOZHNIKOV,K．MOTHES,E．CHARGAFF,G．SCHRAMM,K．FELIX,A．M．GOLDOVSKII,M．CALVIN,A．E．BRAUNSHTEIN,A．G．PASYNSKII,S．MILLER,L．PAULING,A．I．OPARIN,Chariman＇s closing remarks 652

AUTHOR INDEX 657

SUBJECT INDEX 674