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Public Financepdf电子书版本下载
- Harley Leist Lutz 著
- 出版社: D.Appleton and Company
- ISBN:
- 出版时间:1924
- 标注页数:681页
- 文件大小:175MB
- 文件页数:697页
- 主题词:
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图书目录
PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER Ⅰ.MEANING AND SCOPE OF PUBLIC FINANCE 3
Public Finance Defined 3
Public and Private Finance 6
Public Finance and Economics 7
Public Finance and Political Science 9
Public Finance and History 9
Public Finance and Statistics 10
Scope of the Subject 11
CHAPTER Ⅱ.DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC FINANCE 13
Public Finance in Ancient Times 13
Public Finance in the Medieval Period 16
The Influence of the Cameralists 17
The Influence of Adam Smith 19
PART Ⅱ PUBLIC EXPENDITURES 23
CHAPTER Ⅲ.INTRODUCTORY CONSIDERATIONS 25
Government Is a Social Necessity 25
The Nature of Public Expenditures 25
Scope of State Functions 28
The Limits to State Activity 31
The Industrial Revolution Increased Public Expenditures 32
Humanitarianism Expanded Public Obligations 33
Differences between Public and Private Economy 34
CHAPTER Ⅳ.THE CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES 36
Proper Classification Promotes Public Interest in Finance 37
Classification Is Essential to Budget-Making 38
Various Methods of Classification 39
CHAPTER Ⅴ.THE INCREASE OF EXPENDITURES:THE FACTS 46
Federal Expenditures 49
General Conclusions Respecting the Federal Expenditure 60
State Expenditures Also Have Increased Rapidly 62
Growth of Municipal Expenditure 64
CHAPTER Ⅵ.CAUSES OF INCREASING EXPENDITURES AND THE MEANS OF CONTROLLING THEM 69
General Causes of Increasing Public Expenditure 69
Causes of Increased Federal Expenditure 76
Causes of Increased State and Local Expenditure 77
Financial Significance of the Social Functions of Government 79
Means of Controlling the Increase of Expenditures 82
Expenditures in Relation to Wealth and Income 88
CHAPTER Ⅶ.ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE 94
Real versus Nominal Expenditures 94
Ordinary and Extraordinary Expenditure 95
Productive and Unproductive Expenditure 98
Public and Private Viewpoints Further Contrasted 100
The Economic Effects of Public Expenditure 104
Expenditures to Safeguard Social Welfare Are Productive 106
Expenditure to Improve the Quality of Social Life Is Productive 106
Expenditure May Affect the Distribution of Wealth 109
CHAPTER Ⅷ.CENTRAL VERSUS LOCAL CONTROL OF EXPENDITURE 111
Federal Centralization 113
State Centralization 115
No Clear Principle of Functional Distribution 115
Importance of Relative Resources 117
Final Responsibility Rests with the State 118
Subsidies and Grants 119
PART Ⅲ PUBLIC REVENUES EXCEPT TAXATION 129
CHAPTER Ⅸ.THE FORMS OF REVENUE 131
The Classification of Public Revenues 132
Revenue Sources under Cameralism 133
Adam Smith's Classification of Revenue Sources 134
A Proposed Classification of Public Revenues 136
CHAPTER Ⅹ THE PUBLIC DOMAIN:LANDS AND FORESTS 141
The Public Domain in Other Countries 141
Problems of Policy Presented by the Domain 142
Public Ownership of Forest Lands 147
Deposits of Minerals and Metals in the Public Domain 151
The Public Domain in the United States 151
Preemption 155
The Homestead Policy 156
Financial Results of the Public Land Policy 158
Reclamation 159
CHAPTER Ⅺ.THE INDUSTRIAL DOMAIN:STATE INDUSTRIES 161
General Motives for Public Ownership 161
Characteristics of the Public Industry 164
The Post Office as a Public Industry 170
State Railways 177
State Ownership of the Telegraph 184
State Ownership of the Telephone 185
State Banking 186
State Manufacturing 187
CHAPTER Ⅻ.THE INDUSTRIAL DOMAIN:MUNICIPAL INDUSTRIES 190
Extent of Municipal Ownership in Great Britain 190
Extent of Municipal Ownership in Germany 192
Municipal Ownership in the United States 193
Financial Results of Municipal Ownership 197
Municipal Water Systems 201
Municipal Light and Power Plants 204
Municipal Railways 206
Miscellaneous Municipal Undertakings 207
Tax Exemption of Municipally Owned Utilities 208
Municipal Investments 210
General Conclusions 211
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ.ADMINISTRATIVE REVENUES 215
Financial Position of the Administrative Revenues 217
Fines 217
Fees 218
Licenses 220
Special Assessments 223
Financial Significance of the Special Assessment 226
Excess Condemnation 232
PART Ⅳ TAXATION 237
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ.MEANING AND DEVELOPMENT OF TAXATION 239
Importance of Taxation 239
Characteristics of a Tax 240
Constitutional Restrictions on the Taxing Power 245
Characteristics of American Taxation 247
Rise and Decline of the General Property Tax 248
Diversity of Taxation 248
Revival of State Income Taxes 249
The State Tax Commission 249
Interstate Complications 251
Separation of Sources of State and Local Revenue 251
Some Technical Terms 253
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ.SOME REQUISITES OF A SOUND TAX SYSTEM 257
Fiscal Adequacy 257
Economy 260
Equity 261
Elasticity 262
Simplicity 264
Diversity 266
Flexibility 268
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ.THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TAX BURDEN 272
Taxation According to Benefit 273
Taxation According to Ability 275
Income as a Measure of Ability 277
Proportional versus Progressive Taxation 282
Earned versus Unearned Incomes 285
Double Taxation 287
Taxation for Nonfiscal Purposes 290
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ.MEANS OF ESCAPE FROM TAXATION 294
Legal Evasion of Taxes 294
Theories of Tax Shifting 296
Shifting Involves Price Manipulation 298
Tax Capitalization 299
Incidence of the Tax on Land 308
Incidence of the Tax on Buildings 311
Incidence of the Personal Property Tax 312
Incidence of the Income Tax 315
Incidence of the Sales Tax 317
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ.THE GENERAL PROPERTY TAX 320
Development of the General Property Tax 320
Theory of the General Property Tax 322
Theoretical Defects of the General Property Tax 326
Administrative Defects of the General Property Tax 332
Typical Structure of the General Property Tax 333
Influence of Increasing Expenditure 336
Methods of Evasion 338
Competitive Undervaluation of Property 340
Administrative Reforms 342
The State Equalization 343
The State Tax Commission 344
Results of the General Property Tax 346
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ.MODIFIED PROPERTY TAXES 351
Classes of Property 352
Different Methods of Dealing with Intangibles 356
The Taxation of Tangible Personal Property 359
The Taxation of Real Property 360
Importance of Effective Administration 360
Essentials of Land Appraisal 361
Central Control of the Assessment Essential 369
The Assessment of Urban Lands 369
The Assessment of Buildings 373
House Taxes as an Index of Ability 374
The Exemption of Buildings and Improvements 376
CHAPTER ⅩⅩ.TAXES ON CORPORATIONS 381
Development of Corporation Taxes 381
Methods of Railroad Taxation 386
The Taxation of Other Classes of Public Utilities 394
The Taxation of Banks 396
Special Forms of Corporation Taxes 400
The General Corporation Tax 401
The"Business"Tax 403
The Capital Stock Tax 405
CHAPTER ⅩⅪ.CONSUMPTION AND OTHER EXCISE TAXES 407
Principles of Commodity Taxation 409
Development of Federal Internal Taxes 412
Financial Results of the Federal Internal Taxes 415
Incidence of Commodity Taxes 418
The Customs 420
State Taxation of Commodities 424
State Privilege and Occupation Taxes 425
The West Virginia Privilege Tax 425
The Severance Tax 426
The Occupation Tax 427
CHAPTER ⅩⅫ.TAXES ON INCOMES 428
The Civil War Income Taxes 431
The Income Tax of 1894 434
The Federal Corporation Tax of 1909 436
The Modern Federal Income Tax 438
The Corporation Income Tax 441
War and Excess Profits Taxes 443
State Income Taxes 444
Principles of Income Taxation 446
Whose Income Should be Taxed? 447
How Shall We Define Taxable Income? 450
The Methods of Assessment 455
Rate Structure 456
Exemptions and Abatements 459
Earned and Unearned Incomes 460
Administrative Aspects of the Income Tax 463
Relation of Property and Income Taxes 465
Publicity of Income Tax Returns 466
Fiscal Adequacy of the Income Tax 467
Disposition of the Proceeds of State Income Taxes 468
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ.ESTATE AND INHERITANCE TAXES 470
The Theoretical Basis of the Inheritance Tax 470
Development of the Inheritance Tax 471
Some Aspects of State Inheritance Tax Laws 476
The Federal Estate Tax 479
The Federal Gift Tax 483
Fiscal Results of the Federal Estate Tax 484
Proper Position of the Inheritance Tax 484
Equalization of the Distribution of Wealth by Inheritance Taxation 487
PART Ⅴ PUBLIC CREDIT 489
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ.THE NATURE AND USES OF PUBLIC CREDIT 491
The Nature of Credit 498
The State as Debtor 497
Conditions for the Rise of Public Credit 499
Rapid Increase of Public Debts 500
Causes of Debt Increase 503
Public Credit and Democracy 504
The Menace of Tax-exempt Securities 506
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ.PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC CREDIT 513
The Advantage of Public Borrowing Depends on the Purpose 513
The Basis of Public Credit 516
Public Credit Must Be Tested by Business Standards 518
When Is It Legitimate to Borrow? 519
The Economic Effects of Public Borrowing 525
The Economic Effects of Debt Repayment 532
Borrowing for War Purposes 534
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ.THE FORMS OF DEBT 539
Compulsory Loans 539
Patriotic Loans 540
Public Borrowing on Business Principles 541
Public Debts Classified According to Duration 542
Annuities 543
Advantage of the Long Term Debt 543
The Choice of Debt Forms 544
Forms of Short Term Debt 544
Legitimate Uses of the Short Term Debt 546
Temporary Borrowing in England 548
Treasury Certificates in the United States 551
Treasury Notes 554
Comparison with English Methods 556
Economic Effects of Short Term Loans 557
Treasury Certificates and Inflation 559
Vigorous Taxation Essential 561
Methods of Loan Flotation 562
Terms of Issue 564
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅦ.REDEMPTION,REFUNDING AND CONVERSION OF DEBT 567
Advantages of the Perpetual Debt 568
Methods of Debt Redemption 572
Serial Bond Redemption 574
Sinking Funds 577
Federal Sinking Fund Policy 579
Local Sinking Funds 581
The Capital Levy 583
Refunding 587
Conversion 587
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅧ.LOCAL DEBTS 592
Causes of Local Debt Increase 594
National and Local Debts Contrasted 601
The Restrictions of Local Debts 606
Provisions of a Model Local Debt Statute 610
PART Ⅵ FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION AND LEGISLATION 613
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅨ.THE BUDGET 615
Evolution of the Budget 617
The Budget as a Report on the Finances 619
The Scope of the Budget 627
The Function of the Legislature 630
Lump-Sum versus Specific Allotment Appropriations 634
Correction and Revision of the Estimates 637
Federal Budget Procedure 644
Federal Auditing Reform 647
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅩ.SOME ASPECTS OF TREASURY ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 649
The Bank of England as Fiscal Agent 653
The Federal Treasury 654
The Independent Treasury 656
Abolition of the Subtreasuries 661
Treasury Organization 665
State and Local Depositary Arrangements 667
INDEX 673