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Part Ⅰ. Introduction&Silke von Lewinski 1

Part Ⅱ. Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Resources in International Law&Peter-Tobias Stoll and Anja von Hahn 5

Section 1. Indigenous Peoples in International Law 5

Section 2. Indigenous Peoples: Definition Issues 8

Ⅰ. The Term "Indigenous": An Approximation 8

Ⅱ. The Recognition of Indigenous Peoples as "Peoples" 12

Section 3. Some Essential Characteristics of Indigenous Cultures 14

Ⅰ. Collective Rights 14

Ⅱ. Indigenous Peoples and Their Land 15

Ⅲ. Indigenous Heritage: Indigenous and Traditional Resources 15

Section 4. Relevant Human Rights Norms in the Context of Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Resources 17

Ⅰ. General Human Rights Norms Relevant to the Protection of Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Resources 17

1. Human Rights Standards for the Protection of Intellectual Property 17

2. Other Relevant Standards in the Context of Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge 19

Ⅱ. Specific Human Rights Instruments for the Protection of Indigenous Peoples 20

1. ILO Convention No. 169 21

2. Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 22

3. The Proposed American Declaration 24

Section 5. Indigenous Peoples in International Environmental Law 25

Ⅰ. The Convention on Biological Diversity 26

1. "Indigenous and Local Communities" 26

2. The General Concept 27

(a) Dependence of Indigenous and Local Communities on Biological Resources 27

(b) The Concept of Benefit-Sharing 27

3. Art. 8(j) of the CBD as the Key Operative Provision 28

(a) Art. 8(j) in Context: in situ Conservation of Biological Diversity as a State Obligation and the National Law Limitation 28

(b) Subject and Contents 28

Section 6. Ongoing Discussions: Recent Developments in International Fora Regarding Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge 29

Ⅰ. The World Intellectual Property Organization 30

Ⅱ. Traditional Knowledge in the Context of the WTO 31

Ⅲ. The Convention on Biological Diversity 32

Ⅳ. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: The International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources and the Concept of Farmers' Rights 33

1. "Farmers' Rights" and Indigenous Peoples 35

2. The Concept of Farmers' Rights 35

3. Farmers' Rights, Traditional Knowledge and Intellectual Property 36

Ⅴ. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 37

Ⅵ. The World Health Organization 37

Section 7. Recent Developments at the Regional and National Levels with Regard to the Protection of Indigenous Resources and Traditional Knowledge 38

Section 8. Statements, Declarations, Charters, Resolutions and Recommendations by Indigenous Peoples 40

Section 9. Conclusion 42

Bibliography 44

Part Ⅲ. Analysis of Different Areas of Indigenous Resources 49

Section 1. Traditional Knowledge&Matthias Leistner 49

Ⅰ. Findings at the Factual Level 49

1. The Growing Importance of Traditional Knowledge 49

2. Sources of Factual Information 51

3. Terms and Definitions 52

4. Characteristics of Traditional Knowledge 56

5. The Positive and Negative Aspects of Traditional Knowledge Protection 58

6. Practical Needs: Documentation, Assistance and Advice 60

7. The Role of Customary Law 62

8. Use of Collective Marks and Geographical Indications(Annette Kur) 63

Ⅱ. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding the Protection of Traditional Knowledge 64

1. Intellectual Property Rights 64

(a) International Level 64

(b) Regional Level 73

(c) National Level 76

2. Legal Protection Outside Intellectual Property Rights 106

(a) International Level 106

(b) Regional Level 114

(c) National Level 115

Ⅲ Draft Laws and Other Models 120

1. International Level 120

(a) Developments at the WIPO 120

(b) Discussions Relating to the WTO 122

(c) Discussions Relating to the CBD 124

(d) Other Discussions at the United Nations 126

2. Regional Level 127

(a) Organization of African Unity 127

(b) FTAA Draft Agreement 128

(c) Others 129

3. National Level 129

(a) IPR-Similar sui generis Approaches 129

(b) Biodiversity-Oriented Approach: The example of the Brazilian Draft Bill 131

(c) Propositions Aimed at Adapting Existing IPR 133

(d) Provisions on Assistance and Advice at the National Level 133

Ⅳ. Conclusions 134

1. Analysis of the Legal Situation 134

2. Short- and Medium-Term Measures 139

3. Long-Term Measures: Features of a New Protection Right 141

Bibliography 144

Section 2. Genetic Resources&Michael Hassemer 151

Ⅰ. Findings at the Factual Level 151

1. Genetic Resources 151

(a) Resources 151

(b) Public Domain and Sovereign Right 154

(c) Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Genetic Resources 156

(d) Ex situ Collections 158

(e) Human Genetic Resources 159

(f) Stakeholders 160

2. Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge 163

3. Bioprospecting and Biopiracy 165

Ⅱ. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding Protection in the Context of Genetic Resources 169

1. Intellectual Property Rights 169

(a) Patents 169

(b) Plant Breeders' Rights 172

(c) Trade Secrets 176

2. Outside Intellectual Property Rights 176

(a) International Level 176

(b) Regional and National Levels 188

(c) Contractual Agreements 205

Ⅲ. Draft Laws and Other Models 209

1. Disclosure of Origin and Prior Informed Consent as a Patent Requirement at the International Level 209

2. Other Proposals 213

Ⅳ. Conclusions 214

Bibliography 217

Section 3. Protection of Traditional Names and Designations&Annette Kur and Roland Knaak 221

Ⅰ. Findings at the Factual Level 221

Ⅱ. Existing Legal Provisions Regarding the Protectionof Traditional Names and Designations 224

1. Intellectual Property Rights 224

(a) International Level 224

(b) Regional Level 234

(c) National Level 238

2. Outside Intellectual Property Rights 254

Ⅲ. Draft Laws and Other Models 254

Ⅳ. Conclusions 255

1. General Remarks 255

2. Solutions for Improved Protection 255

(a) Exemptions from the Country of ProtectionPrinciple 256

(b) Need for Improvement of Informational Infrastructure 256

(c) Measures at the National Level 256

(d) Prior Rights 257

Bibliography 257

Section 4. Folklore&Agnès Lucas-Schloetter 259

Ⅰ. Findings at the Factual Level 259

1. The Commercial Value of Folklore 259

2. The Different Forms of Exploitation of Folklore 260

3. The Expectations of Indigenous Peoples with Respect to their Folklore 261

4. The Definition of Folklore 262

Ⅱ. Existing Legal Regimes Regarding the Protection of Folklore 266

1. Intellectual Property Rights 266

(a) International Level 266

(b) Regional Level 274

(c) National Level 284

2. Legal Protection of Folklore Outside Intellectual Property 316

(a) Customary Law 316

(b) Cultural Heritage Legislation 321

(c) The Legal Instruments in the Field of Human Rights and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 333

Ⅲ. Draft Laws and Other Models 340

1. The Tunis Model Law on Copyright(WIPO/UNESCO, 1976) 340

2. The Model Provisions for National Laws on the Protection of the Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and other Prejudicial Actions (WIPO/UNESCO, 1982) 342

3. Draft Treaty for the Protection of Expressions of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions (WIPO/UNESCO, 1984) 345

4. Draft Declarations and National Legislation in the Field of Indigenous Peoples' Rights 347

(a) Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (United Nations, 1994) 347

(b) Draft Regional Declarations and National Laws in the Field of Indigenous Peoples' Rights 350

5. Recent WIPO and UNESCO Activities in the Field of Folklore 352

6. The Initiatives of Various Semi-Official and Unofficial Groups in the Field of the Protection of Folklore 354

(a) International Level 354

(b) Regional Level 358

(c) National Level: The Example of Australia 359

Ⅳ. Conclusions 363

Bibliography 368

Part Ⅳ. Final Considerations&Silke von Lewinski 379

Section 1. Preliminary Remarks 379

Section 2. The Needs as Expressed by Indigenous Peoples 380

Section 3. Protection by Existing Intellectual Property Regimes 381

Ⅰ. Protection of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore per se 381

Ⅱ. Protection of"Derivates" 383

1. "Derivates" Produced by Indigenous Peoples 383

2. "Derivates" Produced by Outsiders 384

(a) Opposition to Intellectual Property Rights of Outsiders of Indigenous Communities 384

(b) Possible Responses to Claims for Defensive Protection 385

Section 4. Protection of Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore by Legal Regimes beyond Intellectual Property 386

Ⅰ. Customary Law 386

1. Problematic Issues 386

2. Basic Approaches 387

Ⅱ. Non-Economic and Economic Privileges 388

1. Holders of rights 389

2. Object of Protection and Uses Covered 390

3. Other Issues 390

4. Objections to Sui Generis Protection: Public Domain 391

5. Usefulness of Databases 393

6. Collecting Societies 394

Section 5. The Level of Legal Measures 395

Section 6. Additional Instruments 395

Section 7. Practical Measures 396

Bibliography 397

Index 399