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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE LAW 1

Note on Comparative Law 1

A. MAJOR LEGAL TRADITIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD 3

1. Legal Traditions 3

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America 3

2. Origins and Spread of the Civil Law Tradition 6

David S. Clark, The Idea of the Civil Law Tradition 6

Note on the Civil Law Tradition in East Asia 7

Notes and Questions 8

3. The Islamic Legal Tradition 11

Note on Shari'a 11

Bernard G. Weiss, The Spirit of Islamic Law 11

4. The Hindu Legal Tradition 14

Werner Menski, Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa 14

5. The Variety of African Legal Systems 16

Werner Menski, Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa 16

Notes and Questions 19

6. A Theory of Legal Tradition 21

H. Patrick Glenn, Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law 21

Notes and Questions 24

7. Further Reading about the Major Religious and Non-Western Legal Traditions 25

Bibliographic Note 25

Note 27

B. COMPARISON OF THE COMMON LAW AND THE CIVIL LAW 27

1. The Comparative Studies of Sir William Blackstone 27

Daniel J. Boorstin, The Mysterious Science of the Law 27

2. Comparative Study of Law in the United States 28

Roscoe Pound, What May We Expect from Comparative Law? 28

Notes and Questions 30

3. Convergence and Divergence of the Civil Law and the Common Law 30

John Henry Merryman, On the Convergence (and Divergence) of the Civil Law and the Common Law 30

4. The Western Legal Tradition 39

David S. Clark, The Idea of the Civil Law Tradition 39

Notes and Questions 40

5. Harmonization or Diversity 42

Werner Menski, Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa 42

Christian Von Bar, 1 The Common European Law of Torts 42

David J. Gerber, The Common Core of European Private Law: The Project and Its Books 43

Pierre Legrand, European Legal Systems Are Not Converging 45

John C. Reitz, Doubts about Convergence: Political Economy as an Impediment to Globalization 47

Notes and Questions 48

C. ORIGINS AND OBJECTIVES OF COMPARATIVE LAW 50

1. Origins 50

David S. Clark, Comparative Legal Systems 50

2. Objectives and Uses 52

Note 52

3. Comparative Legal Practice 53

H. Patrick Glenn, Comparative Law and Legal Practice: On Removing the Borders 53

4. Scientific Explanation in Comparative Law 55

John Henry Merryman, Comparative Law and Scientific Explanation 55

5. The Comparison of Japanese Law 58

Dan Fenno Henderson, The Japanese Law in English: Some Thoughts on Scope and Method 58

Notes and Questions 60

D. LAW AND DEVELOPMENT 63

1. Exporting the Rule of Law 63

Bryant G. Garth ＆ Yves Dezalay, Introduction 63

2. The Role of Law in Asia 65

Tom Ginsburg, Does Law Matter for Economic Development? Evidence from East Asia 65

3. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Rule of Law 67

Randall Peerenboom, Varieties of Rule of Law 67

Notes and Questions 68

E. METHODS OF COMPARATIVE LAW 72

1. Functionalism 72

Konrad Zweigert ＆ Hein Kotz, Introduction to Comparative Law 72

Ralf Michaels, The Functional Method of Comparative Law 73

2. Legal Transplants 74

Alan Watson, Society and Legal Change 74

3. Ideal Types 76

Note on Weber's Method of Ideal Types 76

Jonathan M. Miller, A Typology of Legal Transplants: Using Sociology, Legal History and Argentine Examples to Explain the Transplant Process 76

4. Rhetoric and Culture 79

Mary Ann Glendon, Abortion and Divorce in Western Law 79

5. Law and Economics 82

Gerrit De Geest ＆ Roger Van Den Bergh, Introduction 82

Florian Faust, Comparative Law and Economic Analysis of Law 82

6. Law as Legal Systems 84

Note 84

Notes and Questions 87

F. A FIRST LOOK AT THE CIVIL LAW TRADITION 89

1. Roman Tort Law: Delict and Quasi-Delict 89

Edith Friedler, Moral Damages in Mexican Law: A Comparative Approach 89

2. A Louisiana Case 90

Williams v. Employers Liability Assurance Corp 90

Notes and Questions 98

G. RESEARCH IN FOREIGN AND COMPARATIVE LAW 99

Note 99

Chapter 2 LITIGATING CASES WITH FOREIGN PARTIES OR FOREIGN LAW ISSUES IN AMERICAN COURTS 103

Note on Transnational Litigation 103

A. PLEADING OR JUDICIAL NOTICE: APPROACHES TO RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN LAW ISSUES 105

Note on the Common Law Fact Approach 105

1. The Fact Approach in Practice 106

Albert Ehrenzweig, Foreign Rules As Sources of Law 106

Wisconsin Statutes: 902.02 106

Griffin v. Mark Travel Corp 107

Note 110

Notes and Questions 111

2. Treating Foreign Law As Law 111

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 111

Advisory Committee's Note 112

California Evidence Code 113

New York Civil Practice Law and Rules 115

Oregon Revised Statutes 116

Notes and Questions 116

3. Failure to Plead or Prove Foreign Law 118

Bel-ray Co., Inc. v. Chemrite Ltd 118

Note on the Use of Lex Fori 118

4. Federal Practice 119

Rationis Enterprises Inc. of Panama v. Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Co., Ltd 119

Strauss v. Credit Lyonnais, S.A. 124

Notes and Questions 129

B. PROVING FOREIGN LAW: EXPERT WITNESSES AND OTHER SOURCES 131

Note 131

1. The Use of Experts and Documents 131

John G. Sprankling ＆ George R. Lanyi, Pleading and Proof of Foreign Law in American Courts 131

Mastercard International Inc. v. Federation Internationale de Football Association 133

Notes and Questions 140

2. Lesion Corporelle in French Law 143

Eastern Airlines, Inc. v. Floyd 143

3. Shubun in Japanese Law 150

Dan Fenno Henderson, The Japanese Law in English: Some Thoughts on Scope and Method 150

Notes and Questions 152

4. The Court Appointed Expert or Special Master 154

Federal Rules of Evidence 154

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 155

John Henry Merryman, Foreign Law as a Problem 157

United States v. One Lucite Ball Containing Lunar Material 158

Notes and Questions 165

5. Resolution on Appeal 166

Note 166

John G. Sprankling ＆ George R. Lanyi, Pleading and Proof of Foreign Law in American Courts 167

Universe Sales Co., Ltd. v. Silver Castle, Ltd 167

Notes and Questions 171

Chapter 3 ROMAN LAW IN THE CIVIL LAW TRADITION 173

Note 173

A. THE ROMAN CIVIL LAW, CANON LAW, AND COMMERCIAL LAW SUBTRADITIONS 174

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America 174

Notes and Questions 180

B. THE ROMAN CIVIL LAW LEGACY 181

Note on Dates in Roman Legal History 181

1. Constitutional History 183

Barry Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law 183

Note on Administration during the Principate 189

Peter Stein, Roman Law in European History 190

Notes and Questions 191

2. Sources of Law: Substance and Procedure 193

The Institutes ofGaius 193

I The Digest of Justinian 194

Barry Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law 195

Notes and Questions 203

3. Familia and Patria Potestas 207

Samuel P. Scott, I The Civil Law 207

Karl J. Holkeskamp, Under Roman Roofs: Family, House, and Household 208

Alan Watson, Roman Law ＆ Comparative Law 213

Alan Watson, The Spirit of Roman Law 214

Notes and Questions 215

4. Property 216

Alan Watson, The Spirit of Roman Law 216

Notes and Questions 218

5. Civil Litigation 219

Caecina v. Aebutius 219

Bruce W. Frier, Autonomy of Law and the Origins of the Legal Profession 219

Ernest Metzger, Litigation in Roman Law 221

Andrew Borkowski ＆ Paul Du Plessis, Textbook on Roman Law 223

Notes and Questions 227

6. Justinian and the Corpus Juris Civilis 228

George Mousourakis, A Legal History of Rome 228

Barry Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law 230

Charles Donahue, Jr., Book Review, On Translating the Digest 232

Notes and Questions 232

7. Patria Potestas Revisited I 233

Justinian's Institutes 233

Samuel P. Scott, 14 The Civil Law 236

1 The Digest of Justinian 237

Notes and Questions 239

8. Torts and Lex Aquilia 240

1 The Digest of Justinian 240

Bruce W. Frier, A Casebook on the Roman Law of Delict 241

Bruce W. Frier ＆ Thomas A.J. Mcginn, A Casebook on Roman Family Law 242

Notes and Questions 243

9. Contracts 244

Reinhard Zimmermann, The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition 244

David Johnston, Roman Law in Context 247

Notes and Questions 248

10. Inheritance Law and the Legitima Portio 249

Justinian's Institutes 249

1 The Digest of Justinian 250

David Johnston, Roman Law in Context 251

Notes and Questions 252

11. Criminal Law and Procedure 253

Richard A. Bauman, Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome 253

O.F. Robinson, Penal Practice and Penal Policy in Ancient Rome 255

Notes and Questions 256

C. LAW AND GOVERNMENT IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE 257

Note on Dates in European Medieval Legal History 257

Note on Early West European Law 258

1. The Decay of Roman Law 261

Paul Vinogradoff, Roman Law in Medieval Europe 261

2. Law in the Early West European Kingdoms 264

Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition 264

3. The Germanic Roman Empire and the Roman Church 269

David S. Clark, The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State 269

Notes and Questions 272

D. REVIVAL OF ROMAN LAW 275

Note on Dates for Revival of Roman Law 275

1. The Role of the University 275

David S. Clark, The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State 275

2. Legal Humanism 285

Mauro Cappelletti, John Henry Merryman ＆ Joseph M. Perillo, The Italian Legal System: An Introduction 285

Notes and Questions 287

Chapter 4 CANON LAW, COMMERCIAL LAW, AND THE RECEPTION OF THE JUS COMMUNE IN EUROPE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION 291

Note 291

A. Canon Law 291

Note on Dates for Canon Law 291

1. The Church, Universities, and Canon Law 293

David S. Clark, The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State 293

2. Gratian's Decretum 296

Gratian, The Treatise on Laws (Decretum DD. 1-20) with the Ordinary Gloss 296

3. Jurisdiction over Persons and over Subject Matter 298

Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition 298

Notes and Questions 307

4. Papal Government 310

Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition 310

Note on the Longevity of the Roman Catholic Church 311

5. Codex luris Canonici 312

Code of Canon Law: Latin-English Edition 312

6. A Canon Law Case 315

M v. E 315

Notes and Questions 317

7. Natural Law 318

Alf Ross, On Law and Justice 318

Edgar Bodenheimer, Jurisprudence: The Philosophy and Method of the Law 320

Gerald Strauss, Law, Resistance, and the State: The Opposition to Roman Law in Reformation Germany 323

Notes and Questions 324

B. COMMERCIAL LAW 324

Note on Dates for Commercial Law 324

1. The Law Merchant 326

Harold J. Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition 326

Amalia D. Kessler, A Revolution in Commerce: The Parisian Merchant Court and the Rise of Commercial Society in Eighteenth-Century France 331

Note on the Distinctiveness of Commercial Law 333

2. Partnerships and Contracts 334

O.F. Robinson, T.D. Fergus ＆ W.M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions 334

Notes and Questions 336

C. RECEPTION OF THE JUS COMMUNE IN EUROPE 337

Note on Italy and the Jus Commune 337

1. Demand for Academic Lawyers 338

David S. Clark, The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State 338

2. A Jus Commune Case 341

Fabronis v. Marradi Ball Players 341

Gino Gorla, A Decision of the Rota Fiorentina of 1780 on Liability for Damages Caused by the Ball Game 341

Notes and Questions 346

3. Processes of Reception 347

R.C. Van Caenegem, An Historical Introduction to Private Law 347

John P. Dawson, Gifts and Promises: Continental and American Laws Compared 351

George Mousourakis, The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law 352

Notes and Questions 353

4. Reception in Iberia 354

John O. Haley, Foundations of Governance and Law: An Essay on Law's Evolution in Colonial Spanish America 354

Mauro Cappelletti, John Henry Merryman ＆ Joseph M. Perillo, The Italian Legal System: An Introduction 358

5. Patria Potestas Revisited II 359

Samuel P. Scott, Las Siete Partidas 359

Notes and Questions 362

6. Resistance to Roman Law in England 364

R.C. Van Caenegem, Judges, Legislators and Professors: Chapters in European Legal History 364

Notes and Questions 366

Note on Complexity within the Civil Law Tradition 367

Chapter 5 THE LEGAL TRADITIONS OF LATIN AMERICA 369

Note 369

A. LAW IN PRECOLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 369

Note on the Original American Inhabitants 369

1. The Incas and Their Legal System 371

Note on the Inca Legal System 371

John O. Haley, Rivers, Revenue and Rice: Law's Political Evolutions 374

Sally F. Moore, Power and Property in Inca Peru 375

2. The Aztecs and Their Legal System 382

Stephen Zamora et al., Mexican Law 382

M.C. Mirow, Latin American Law: A History of Private Law and Institutions in Spanish America 383

Note on the Aztec Legal System 386

3. Legal Pluralism and Indigenous Law 390

Note on Legal Pluralism 390

Notes and Questions 391

B. THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN COLONIAL LATIN AMERICA 394

1. Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs 394

Michael D. Coe ＆ Rex Koontz, Mexico from the Olmecs to the Aztecs 394

2. Spanish Conquest of the Incas 395

Edward P. Lanning, Peru before the Incas 395

Note on Conquest in the Americas 396

3. European Settlement and Control 397

John O. Haley, Rivers, Revenue and Rice: Law's Political Evolutions 397

Note on the Spanish Legal System in America 402

Note on Portuguese Settlement and the Legal System in Brazil 405

Notes and Questions 408

4. The Importance of Courts 412

David S. Clark, Judicial Protection of the Constitution in Latin America 412

5. The Judiciary in Brazil 415

Stuart B. Schwartz, Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil: The High Court of Bahia and Its Judges 1609-1751 415

6. Women and Family Law in Spain and Colonial America 417

Kimberly Gauderman, Women's Lives in Colonial Quito: Gender, Law, and Economy in Spanish America 417

Notes and Questions 420

7. Church and State and Their Indian Policy 421

Lauren Benton, Making Order out of Trouble: Jurisdictional Politics in the Spanish Colonial Borderlands 421

8. Colonial Indian Legal Culture 423

Susan Kellogg, Law and the Transformation of Aztec Culture, 1500-1700 423

9. Litigious Indians in Peru 426

Steve Stern, The Social Significance of Judicial Institutions in an Exploitative Society: Huamanga, Peru, 1570-1640 426

Notes and Questions 427

10. Indigenous Rulers 428

Robert Haskett, Indigenous Rulers: An Ethnohistory of Town Government in Colonial Cuernavaca 428

11. Indian Cases in Church and Royal Courts 431

Woodrow Borah, Justice by Insurance: The General Indian Court of Colonial Mexico and the Legal Aides of the Half-Real 431

Texcocan Villages v. Hacienda La Blanca 435

P.E.B. Coy, Justice for the Indian in Eighteenth Century Mexico 435

12. The General Indian Court 437

Woodrow Borah, Justice by Insurance: The General Indian Court of Colonial Mexico and the Legal Aides of the Half-Real 437

Notes and Questions 442

Chapter 6 THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION AND LEGAL SCIENCE 443

Note 443

A. THE INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION 444

1. The Importance of Lawyers and Judges in the Revolution 444

David A. Bell, Lawyers and Citizens: The Making of a Political Elite in Old Regime France 444

2. Replacement of the French Parlements with the Tribunal of Cassation 450

Vernon Valentine Palmer, May God Protect Us from the Equity of Parlements: Comparative Reflections on English and French Equity Power 450

John P. Dawson, The Oracles of the Law 452

Notes and Questions 452

3. Elements of the Intellectual Revolution 455

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America 455

4. Natural Law 459

Alf Ross, On Law and Justice 459

Hugo Grotius, De Jure Belli et Pads I, Prolegomena 461

5. Natural Law and Reason in Public Law 461

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions 461

Notes and Questions 463

6. Ideology of the French Civil Code 464

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America 464

7. The French Civil Code and Its Drafting 466

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History; Sources and Institutions 466

French Civil Code (1804) 468

French Civil Code (1804) 469

8. Contract Law in the French Civil Code 470

M. [Robert Joseph] Pothier, 7 Treatise on the Law of Obligations, On Contracts 470

French Civil Code (1804) 471

Notes and Questions 472

9. French Legal Institutions and Codes 473

Note on the Influence of French Law 473

10. The Revolution in Italy 476

Mauro Cappelletti, John Henry Merryman ＆ Joseph M. Perillo, The Italian Legal System 476

11. The Revolution in Spain 480

Note on Political Turmoil and Codification in Spain 480

12. The Revolution in Latin America 482

Howard J. Wiarda, The Soul of Latin America: The Cultural and Political Tradition 482

John H. Coatsworth, Political Economy and Economic Organization 483

Charles A. Hale, The Civil Law Tradition and Constitutionalism in Twentieth-Century Mexico: The Legacy ofEmilio Rabasa 486

David S. Clark, Judicial Protection of the Constitution in Latin America 489

Notes and Questions 490

13. Creole Lawyers and Their Constitutions and Codes 493

Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, Latin American Lawyers: A Historical Introduction 493

M.C. Mirow, Latin American Law: A History of Private Law and Institutions in Spanish America 500

Note on Codification in Mexico 504

14. The Latin American Style 505

Howard J. Wiarda, Dilemmas of Democracy in Latin America: Crises and Opportunity 505

Notes and Questions 506

B. GERMAN LEGAL SCIENCE 509

Note 509

1. Legal Scholars 510

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America 510

2. German Law Faculties and Aktenversendung 511

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions 511

3. The Historical School of Law 513

Mathias Reimann, The Historical School Against Codification: Savigny, Carter, and the Defeat of the New York Civil Code 513

Note on German Romanticism 514

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions 514

4. Ideology of the German Civil Code 515

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America 515

Notes and Questions 516

5. The Elements of Legal Science 518

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America 518

6. Pandectists 522

O. F. Robinson, T. D. Fergus ＆ W. M. Gordon, European Legal History: Sources and Institutions 522

7. The German Civil Code and Its Drafting 524

John P. Dawson, The Oracles of the Law 524

German Civil Code (1900) 525

Note on German Codification 527

Notes and Questions 528

8. The Influence of German Legal Science 530

Note on the United States 530

Note on Civil Law Countries 531

9. Introduction to Law Courses 532

John Henry Merryman ＆ Rogelio Perez-Perdomo, The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Western Europe and Latin America 532

10. The Juridical Act: Declaration of Intention 539

German Civil Code (1900) 539

11. Patria Potestas Redefined 541

Mary Ann Glendon, The Transformation of Family Law: State, Law, and Family in the United States and Western Europe 541

Notes and Questions 542

Chapter 7 THE LEGAL TRADITIONS OF EAST ASIA 545

Note 545

A. LAW IN EAST ASIA PRIOR TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 546

1. The Hindu-Buddhist Tradition and Law in the Kingdom of Siam 546

Note on the Hindu-Buddhist Tradition 546

Sarasin Viraphol, Law in Traditional Siam and China: A Comparative Study 548

Notes and Questions 552

2. The Imperial Chinese Tradition 553

Note on Imperial Chinese Law 553

Note on Dates for East Asian Political History 555

3. The Rule of Law in Imperial China 556

Qiang Fang ＆ Roger Des Forges, Were Chinese Rulers Above the Law? Toward a Theory of the Rule of Law in China from Early Times to 1949 CE 556

Geoffrey MacCormack, The Spirit of Traditional Chinese Law 557

Thomas B. Stephens, Order and Discipline in China: The Shanghai Mixed Court 1911-27 559

4. Resolving Private Disputes in Imperial China 561

Shuzo Shiga, Some Remarks on the Judicial System in China: Historical Development and Characteristics 561

Philip C.C. Huang, Civil Justice in China: Representation and Practice in the Qing 565

5. Contract Use in Imperial China 568

Valarie Hansen, Negotiating Daily Life in Traditional China: How Ordinary People Used Contracts, 600-1400 568

Notes and Questions 570

6. The Confucianist Tradition in Yi Korea 574

William Shaw, Social and Intellectual Aspects of Traditional Korean Law: 1392-1910 574

7. Japan's Ambivalent Legal Tradition 576

Note on Japanese Institutional History 576

John Owen Haley, Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox 578

8. Inquisitorial and Adversarial Proceedings in Tokugawa Japan 580

Yoshiro Hiramatsu, Tokugawa Law 580

9. Tokugawa Indirect Governance and Village Identity 587

John Owen Haley, Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox 587

Notes and Questions 590

B. RECEPTION OF EUROPEAN LAW IN EAST ASIA 593

Note on Japan as a Model in East Asia 593

1. Codification and Legal Science in Meiji Japan 594

Note on Codification 594

Richard W. Rabinowitz, Law and the Social Process in Japan 596

Zentaro Kitagawa, Theory Reception: One Aspect of the Development of Japanese Civil Law 598

Notes and Questions 599

2. The Meiji Constitution 600

Note on Drafting the Constitution 600

John Owen Haley, Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox 602

3. Adaptability of Western Law in Japan 604

John Owen Haley, Authority Without Power: Law and the Japanese Paradox 604

4. Legal Authority of the Head of Household 606

Yuka (Moriguchi) Tsuchiya, Democratizing the Japanese Family: The Role of the Civil Information and Education Section in the Allied Occupation 1945-1952 606

Japanese Civil Code (1898) 607

J. Mark Ramseyer, Odd Markets in Japanese History 607

Notes and Questions 608

5. Taiwan and Korea under Japanese Colonial Rule 609

Edward I-To Chen, The Attempt to Integrate the Empire: Legal Perspectives 609

Tay-Sheng Wang, The Legal Development of Taiwan in the 20th Century: Toward a Liberal and Democratic Country 611

Note on Korea 614

6. Westernization and Judicial Reform in Siam (Thailand) 615

Frank C. Darling, American Influence on the Evolution of Constitutional Government in Thailand 615

David M. Engel, Law and Kingship in Thailand during the Reign of King Chulalongkom 616

7. Indonesia Under Dutch Colonial Rule 621

Daniel S. Lev, Judicial Institutions and Legal Culture in Indonesia 621

Indonesian Civil Code (1848) 626

Notes and Questions 626

Note on the Typicality of Civil Law Systems 629

TABLE OF FIGURES 631