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1 Measurement 1

1-1 Physical Quantities，Standards，and Units 1

1-2 Reference Frames 2

1-3 Standard of Length 3

1-4 Standard of Time 4

1-5 Systems of Units 7

2 Vectors 11

2-1 Vectors and Scalars 11

2-2 Addition of Vectors，Geometrical Method 12

2-3 Resolution and Addition of Vectors，Analytic Method 13

2-4 Multiplication of Vectors 18

3 Motion in One Dimension 25

3-1 Mechanics 25

3-2 Particle Kinematics 25

3-3 Average Velocity 26

3-4 Instantaneous Velocity 27

3-5 One-Dimensional Motion—Variable Velocity 28

3-6 Acceleration 31

3-7 One-Dimensional Motion—Variable Acceleration 32

3-8 One-Dimensional Motion—Constant Acceleration 32

3-9 Consistency of Units and Dimensions 35

3-10 Freely Falling Bodies 36

4 Motion in a Plane 43

4-1 Displacement，Velocity，and Acceleration 43

4-2 Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration 44

4-3 Projectile Motion 45

4-4 Uniform Circular Motion 48

4-5 Relative Velocity and Acceleration 51

5 Particle Dynamics 59

5-1 Introduction 59

5-2 Classical Mechanics 59

5-3 Newton’s First Law 61

5-4 Force 62

5-5 Mass；Newton’s Second Law 63

5-6 Newton’s Third Law 65

5-7 Systems of Mechanical Units 68

5-8 The Force Laws 69

5-9 Weight and Mass 70

5-10 A Static Procedure for Measuring Forces 72

5-11 Some Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion 72

5-12 Frictional Forces 78

5-13 The Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 82

6 Work and Energy 95

6-1 Introduction 95

6-2 Work Done by a Constant Force 96

6-3 Work Done by a Variable Force—One Dimensional Case 99

6-4 Work Done by a Variable Force—Two-Dimensional Case 101

6-5 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem 102

6-6 Significance of the Work-Energy Theorem 105

6-7 Power 105

7 The Conservation of Energy 109

7-1 Introduction 109

7-2 Conservative Forces 109

7-3 Potential Energy 113

7-4 One-Dimensional Conservative Systems 116

7-5 Total Energy and the Potential Energy Curve 120

7-6 Two-and Three-Dimensional Conservative Systems 121

7-7 Nonconservative Forces 123

7-8 The Conservation of Energy 125

7-9 Mass and Energy 126

8 Conservation of Linear Momentum 135

8-1 Center of Mass 135

8-2 Motion of the Center of Mass 139

8-3 Linear Momentum of a Particle 141

8-4 Linear Momentum of a System of Particles 142

8-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 143

8-6 Some Applications of the Momentum Principle 144

9 Collisions 153

9-1 What is a Collision？ 153

9-2 Impulse and Momentum 155

9-3 Conservation of Momentum during Collisions 155

9-4 Collisions in One Dimension 157

9-5 Collisions in Two and Three Dimensions 161

9-6 Cross Section 164

9-7 Reactions and Decay Processes 165

10 Rotational Kinematics 173

10-1 Rotational Motion 173

10-2 Rotational Kinematics—The Variables 174

10-3 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 176

10-4 Relation between Linear and Angular Kinematics for a Particle in Circular Motion 177

11 Rotational Dynamics and the Conservation of Angular Momentum 183

11-1 Introduction 183

11-2 Torque Acting on a Particle 183

11-3 Angular Momentum of a Particle 186

11-4 Systems of Particles 189

11-5 Kinetic Energy of Rotation and Rotational Inertia 190

11-6 Rotational Dynamics of a Rigid Body 193

11-7 Conservation of Angular Momentum 199

11-8 Rotational Dynamics—A Review 204

12 Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies 209

12-1 The Equilibrium of a Rigid Body 209

12-2 Center of Gravity 211

12-3 Examples of Equilibrium 213

13 Oscillations 223

13-1 Oscillations 223

13-2 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 225

13-3 Simple Harmonic Motion 228

13-4 Energy Considerations in Simple Harmonic Motion 232

13-5 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion 236

13-6 Relation between Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion 238

13-7 Combinations of Harmonic Motions 241

14 Gravitation 247

14-1 The Law of Universal Gravitation 247

14-2 The Constant of Universal Gravitation，G 250

14-3 Inertial and Gravitational Mass and the Principle of Equivalence 253

14-4 Gravitational Effect of a Spherical Distribution of Mass 255

14-5 Gravitational Acceleration，g 258

14-6 The Gravitational Field 261

14-7 The Motions of Planets and Satellites 262

14-8 Gravitational Potential Energy 265

14-9 Potential Energy for Many-Particle Systems 268

14-10 Energy Considerations in the Motions of Planets and Satellites 269

15 Fluid Mechanics 277

15-1 Fluids 277

15-2 Pressure and Density 277

15-3 The Variation of Pressure in a Fluid at Rest 278

15-4 Pascal’s Principle and Archimedes’ Principle 281

15-5 Measurement of Pressure 283

15-6 Fluid Dynamics 284

15-7 Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity 286

15-8 Bernoulli’s Equation 287

15-9 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation and the Equation of Continuity 289

16 Waves in Elastic Media 299

16-1 Mechanical Waves 299

16-2 Types of Waves 300

16-3 Traveling Waves 302

16-4 Wave Speed in a Stretched String 305

16-5 Power and Intensity in Wave Motion 308

16-6 The Superposition Principle 309

16-7 Interference of Waves 310

16-8 Standing Waves 313

16-9 Resonance 316

17 Sound Waves 323

17-1 Audible，Ultrasonic，and Infrasonic Waves 323

17-2 Propagation and Speed of Longitudinal Waves 324

17-3 Traveling Longitudinal Waves 327

17-4 Vibrating Systems and Sources of Sound 329

17-5 Beats 332

17-6 The Doppler Effect 334

18 Temperature 343

18-1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Descriptions 343

18-2 Thermal Equilibrium—The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 344

18-3 Measuring Temperature 345

18-4 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale 347

18-5 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 348

18-6 The International Practical Temperature Scale 349

18-7 Temperature Expansion 350

19 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 357

19-1 Heat，a Form of Energy 357

19-2 Quantity of Heat and Specific Heat 358

19-3 Heat Conduction 360

19-4 The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 362

19-5 Heat and Work 363

19-6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 365

19-7 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics 366

20 Kinetic Theory of Gases 375

20-1 Introduction 375

20-2 Ideal Gas—A Macroscopic Description 376

20-3 Ideal Gas—A Microscopic Description 378

20-4 Kinetic Calculation of the Pressure 379

20-5 Kinetic Interpretation of Temperature 382

20-6 Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 383

20-7 Equipartition of Energy 386

20-8 Mean Free Path 391

20-9 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 393

21 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 401

21-1 Introduction 401

21-2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 401

21-3 The Carnot Cycle 403

21-4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 407

21-5 The Efficiency of Engines 409

21-6 Entropy—Reversible Processes 411

21-7 Entropy—Irreversible Processes 413

21-8 Entropy and the Second Law 415

22 Charge and Matter 421

22-1 Electromagnetism 421

22-2 Electric Charge 422

22-3 Conductors and Insulators 423

22-4 Coulomb’s Law 423

22-5 Charge is Quantized 427

22-6 Charge and Matter 427

22-7 Charge is Conserved 429

23 The Electric Field 433

23-1 The Electric Field 433

23-2 The Electric Field E 434

23-3 Lines of Force 435

23-4 Calculation of E 437

23-5 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 440

23-6 A Dipole in an Electric Field 442

24 Gauss’s Law 449

24-1 Flux of the Electric Field 449

24-2 Gauss’s Law 452

24-3 Gauss’s Law and Coulomb’s Law 452

24-4 An Insulated Conductor 453

24-5 Experimental Proof of Gauss’s and Coulomb’s Laws 454

24-6 Gauss’s Law—Some Applications 455

25 Electric Potential 465

25-1 Electric Potential 465

25-2 Potential and the Electric Field 468

25-3 Potential Due to a Point Charge 470

25-4 A Group of Point Charges 472

25-5 Potential Due to a Dipole 474

25-6 Electric Potential Energy 475

25-7 Calculation of E From V 478

25-8 An Insulated Conductor 480

25-9 The Electrostatic Generator 481

26 Capacitors and Dielectrics 489

26-1 Capacitance 489

26-2 Calculating Capacitance 492

26-3 Parallel-Plate Capacitor with Dielectric 494

26-4 Dielectrics—An Atomic View 496

26-5 Dielectrics and Gauss’s Law 498

26-6 Energy Storage in an Electric Field 499

27 Current and Resistance 507

27-1 Current and Current Density 507

27-2 Resistance，Resistivity，and Conductivity 510

27-3 Ohm’s Law 512

27-4 Resistivity—An Atomic View 514

27-5 Energy Transfers in an Electric Circuit 516

28 Electromotive Force and Circuits 521

28-1 Electromotive Force 521

28-2 Calculating the Current 523

28-3 Other Single-Loop Circuits 524

28-4 Potential Differences 525

28-5 Multiloop Circuits 528

28-6 RC Circuits 530

29 The Magnetic Field 537

29-1 The Magnetic Field 537

29-2 The Deffnition of B 538

29-3 Magnetic Force on a Current 541

29-4 Torque on a Current Loop 542

29-5 The Hall Effect 545

29-6 Circulating Charges 546

29-7 The Cyclotron 548

29-8 Thomson’s Experiment 550

30 Ampere’s Law 557

30-1 Ampere’s Law 557

30-2 B Near a Long Wire 561

30-3 Lines of R 562

30-4 Two Parallel Conductors 563

30-5 B for a Solenoid 565

30-6 The Biot-Savart Law 568

31 Faraday’s Law 577

31-1 Faraday’s Experiments 577

31-2 Faraday’s Law of Induction 578

31-3 Lenz’s Law 579

31-4 Induction—A Quantitative Study 581

31-5 Time-Varying Magnetic Fields 584

31-6 The Betatron 587

32 Inductance 597

32-1 Inductance 597

32-2 Calculation of Inductance 598

32-3 An LR Circuit 600

32-4 Energy and the Magnetic Field 603

32-5 Energy Density and the Magnetic Field 605

33 Magnetic Properties of Matter 611

33-1 Poles and Dipoles 611

33-2 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism 614

33-3 Paramagnetism 615

33-4 Diamagnetism 617

33-5 Ferromagnetism 619

34 Electromagnetic Oscillations 625

34-1 LC Oscillations 625

34-2 Analogy to Simple Harmonic Motion 628

34-3 Electromagnetic Oscillations—Quantitative 629

34-4 Induced Magnetic Fields 632

34-5 Displacement Current 634

34-6 Maxwell’s Equations 635

35 Electromagnetic Waves 639

35-1 Introduction 639

35-2 Radiation Sources 640

35-3 Traveling Waves and Maxwell’s Equations 641

35-4 Energy and the Poynting Vector 646

35-5 Momentum 648

35-6 Polarization 649

35-7 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 653

35-8 The Speed of Light 654

35-9 Moving Sources and Observers 657

35-10 Doppler Effect 660

36 Geometrical Optics 669

36-1 Geometrical Optics 669

36-2 Reflection and Refraction—Plane Waves and Plane Surfaces 669

36-3 Huygens’ Principle 672

36-4 The Law of Refraction 673

36-5 Total Internal Reflection 675

36-6 Brewster’s Law 676

36-7 Spherical Waves—Plane Mirror 678

36-8 Spherical Waves—Spherical Mirror 681

36-9 Spherical Waves—Spherical Refracting Surface 686

36-10 Thin Lenses 689

37 Interference 703

37-1 Wave Optics 703

37-2 Young’s Experiment 705

37-3 Coherence 708

37-4 Intensity of Interfering Waves 710

37-5 Interference from Thin Films 714

37-6 Michelson’s Interferometer 718

38 Diffraction，Gratings，and Spectra 725

38-1 Diffraction 725

38-2 Single Slit 728

38-3 Diffraction from a Single Slit—Qualitative 730

38-4 Diffraction from a Single Slit—Quantitative 732

38-5 Diffraction from a Circular Aperture 735

38-6 Diffraction from a Double Slit 738

38-7 Multiple Slits 741

38-8 Diffraction Gratings 744

38-9 Resolving Power of a Grating 746

38-10 X-ray Diffraction 748

39 Light and Quantum Physics 757

39-1 Sources of Light 757

39-2 Cavity Radiators 758

39-3 Planck’s Radiation Formula 760

39-4 Photoelectric Effect 763

39-5 Einstein’s Photon Theory 765

39-6 The Compton Effect 766

39-7 Line Spectra 770

39-8 Atomic Models—The Bohr Hydrogen Atom 771

39-9 The Correspondence Principle 776

40 Waves and Particles 781

40-1 Matter Waves 781

40-2 Atomic Structure and Standing Waves 784

40-3 Wave Mechanics 784

40-4 Meaning of ψ 787

40-5 The Uncertainty Principle 789

Appendices 795

A Physical Standards and Constants 795

B Some Terrestrial Data 797

C The Solar System 798

D Periodic Table of the Elements 799

E Conversion Factors 800

F Mathematical Symbols and the Greek Alphabet 807

G Mathematical Formulas 808

H Values of Trigonometric Functions 811

I Nobel Prize Winners in Physics 813

Index 817